Sufism is the heart of Islam Essay Example for Free

Sufism is the heart of Islam Essay Sufism which is seen as the heart of Islam is a concept which is highly regarded in the Islam religion because of the role it plays in the religion. Studies show that Sufis are men who practice the highest morality and are not led by worldly or their own selfish desires 1. It can be argued that, Sufism is the heart of Islam and it cannot be separated from the Islam religion. This paper is written to critically analyze the fact that Sufism is the heart of Islam. This study found out that there are varied studies which exist touching on the concept of Sufism. Understanding the concepts of Sufism is a core ingredient to understanding the concept of Islam religion. For example, Sufism is all about personal and spiritual growth of Sufis. Studies show that, religion to the men of Sufis is important as long as it does not stand in the way of spiritual growth and progress 1. In other words, religion is there to be analyzed and reasoned so that a follower can derive meaning from the teachings of the religion. Other studies show that, Sufism emphasizes more on love for all human beings and that means that no one should hurt the feelings of other people. When Sufis learn to love each other and treat them equally then they eventually achieve higher levels of morality which is measured by ones behavior and decision making process. God in religion is seen as a God of love and to be actualization with His teaching there is need to practice love actions. The concept of Sufism started with the early leaders of Islam like the Shia Imaams and their followers who used to follow highly spiritually life’s1. Sufism was the commemoration of a kind of divine wisdom from the Prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon Him) and Imams. Early leaders who started the principles of Sufism wanted to achieve higher levels of morality through the use of supplications, teachings and writings. At the time those who led spiritual life did so with so much piety. Sufism is a principle which is made through finding meaning of religion through unveiling the truth through intellectual reasoning. This study found out that the development of piety started among spirituality amongst early Muslims because of tyranny of Islam leaders who purportedly seized the helm of empire after the death of Iman Ali in 40 Hijra 1. This study also found out that critics have a hard time conceptualizing Sufi as an integral part of Islam since they don’t see its evolution from consciousness from the Quaran of Prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon him) teachings 1. From an analysis of how Sufism started its apparent that Muslims who wanted higher levels of morality adopted the concept for their own spiritual benefits and actualizations. Other studies show that Sufism is as a result of mysticism of Jews and Christians at earlier times hence their refusal to adopt Sufism as a major component of Islam1. However studies, critics of Sufism have no bases since Sufism is based on mysticism of the Islam religion. In other words, Sufism is a core ingredient of Islamic faith and one has to work hard to acquire higher levels of Sufism. Sufism is based in finding direction in the Islam faith which also preaches finding order in the human society and within the human soul 1. God finds His relationship with men through religion and love which makes it possible for man to be able to come together to God and eventually return to him at the end in paradise. Quran states that, â€Å"Lo! We are Allahs and Lo! To Him we return. † 1 The principles of Islam describe how a man is supposed to behave in order to be able to have unity with Allah. Such is the part of gnosis which offers direction to the life of an Islam also known as the spiritual journey of Islam. To be able to comprehend and follow the steps of Islamic principles, Muslims have to use qualified teachers in Islam to give them the necessary direction in their faith. The Islam religion believes that Allah is the only supreme being who should be acknowledged and acknowledging any other being beside him is wrong 1. Consequently, in being in unity with Allah, there is need for Muslims to be able to ape or follow His example and the ways He has set for humanity. That can only be followed if one has a purified heart and at the same time is willing to work hard to achieve higher levels of morality 1. With that in mind, it is important to note that following and being in adherence with the principles of Islam calls for discipline and self sacrifice. In order to appease Allah, there is need for Muslims to praise and pray to Him both in the morning and the evening, sell their merchandise to help the poor to mention a few2. At the end of it all faithful Muslims will be paid by God according to what they did since they have been able to find their self. A Muslim will only be able to achieve higher levels of morality if they find their ‘self’ in the Islam faith. Prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon him) once said that one who has known his self has already Known Allah2. This is to say that there is significant peace that comes with finding direction in the Islam faith. On the other hand, it is through self discovery that Muslims are able to have peace and contention with themselves if they know that they are following in the way of morality. Other studies show that to be a successful Sufi, one has to follow the journey of self-realization 2. The Islam religion is based on strict discipline and procedures for example praying 5 times in a day. It is only through keeping and following the laid procedures that Muslims are able to live in light. This paper asserts that, Sufism plays an integral role in the life of Muslims since the principle cannot be separated from the life of Islam. There are many misconceptions surrounding the principles of Sufism but it is important to understand that the principle of Sufism is not any different from the concept of Islam. Studies show that Sufism is a major Islamic mysticism revolving around the journey of self, love and God 2. The journey of Sufism emphasizes on ones inner struggles and more especially the conduct of human beings. The Quaran states that one should â€Å"seek among that which God has bestowed upon you the hereafter. But don’t forget the portion of this world either (28:77). 2 With the above in mind, when people become too inclined towards secularization or spiritualism they may miss out on some important principles vital to Islam principles. Studies show that while Islam is submission, Sufism is the principle of Islam in that Muslims have to submit to mystical principles 2.

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The cations (Na+, K+ and Mg++) were estimated in the gut contents, fresh tissue of midgut epithelia and heamolymph of uninfected and Bacillus inoculated silkworm. The sodium level was declined from gut contents to heamolymph. The level of sodium content further showed a gradual decrease from the midgut tissue to the heamolymph in the infected silkworm as compared to the uninfected silkworm. The potassium content initially decreased from the gut contents to the midgut tissues in both the uninfected and infected silkworm (Table-1, Fig. 2). Later on, a slow gradient in the potassium content was observed from the midgut tissue towards the heamolymph in the infected larvae. But incase of the uninfected larvae the potassium content gradually declined from the midgut tissue to the heamolymph. In the present study the levels in sodium content was high and potassium concentration was low in tissue than reported earlier. The adult larvae of silkworm, showed a steep gradient for magnesium betwe en lumen and heamolymph, with higher concentration in the heamolymph (Table-1, Fig. 3). Table - 1. Ionic concentration in lumen content, fresh tissue and heamolymph of silkworm Bombyx mori V instar (meq/L). The ionic concentrations were changed in the Bacillus infected larvae. Flacherie resulted in the non-significant decrease of intracellular sodium in midgut cells. Potassium being the major cation in the silkworm diet showed a significant decrease in midgut cells in diseased larvae (p ...f silkworm Bombyx mori Electron micrographs illustrate the midgut of silkworm B. mori. The globlet cell (Plate - 1) wherein the multiplication of pathogen occurs and these cells are slightly elongated with a centrally located cavity. Their ill defined microvillae project into this cavity and these cells are placed in between columnar cells. Dominant cell in midgut epithelium is the columnar cell. The apical surface of the columnar cell is thrown into numerous folds and often appears as finger like projections (microvillae). A cross section of the microvillae, are presented (Plate - 2). The microvillae are located with mitochondria (Plate - 3), vacuoles at the base of microvillae are prominent. Excess of plasma membrane folds at the tip of the microvillae were observed in all the sections scanned. The midgut epithelium is richly supplied with trachea (Plate - 4).

Leadership Case Study: Steve Jobs Essay

1. Steve Jobs had an extremely high interest in being in charge, so to start off with his leader-follower element, he most definitely settles in better on the leader end of the spectrum. Jobs was so far in the leadership end of the spectrum that he had actually been removed from his CEO position in 1985 for being unmanageable. Being one of the most charismatic leaders in the industry has helped him develop his leadership traits through his time with Apple, NeXT, and Pixar. He has always been determined even when Apple took him out of the equation, where he went off to make some of our childhood staples such as Toy Story and gained an enormous share of stock with Disney, which was actually more than he ever owned with Apple. His influence spans across five different industries, which is more than almost any CEO can say that they have done in their entire life. His influence spanned across the computer industry, Hollywood and the movie industry, the wireless phone industry with the IPh one, the retailing industry, and my personal favorite being the music industry where ITunes has innovated the very distribution of music itself. To the point, Steve always seemed to get what he wanted when it came to influencing these many industries. As for organizational objectives, Jobs always wanted to create a product that the customer wanted but almost didn’t even know they wanted or conceive the product in a thought, the IPod being a prime example of this. If Jobs didn’t like the outcome of a product, he sent it back to the drawing board. Jobs and his members shared the goals to create new things they wanted, in the hopes that the customer would too. Change is a huge aspect of the way Jobs leads, all he wants to do is create technologically changing products that he and his customers really want. The constantly updating technology, yet always user friendly interface is Apples motto now a days. Steve’s people skills were apparently not the greatest, but as long as a subordinate shared in his vision of wanting to create and innovate like he did, then Apple would succeed. His people tended to respect him for the way he went about inventing new products and never wanting to fall short on anything. 2. The leadership skills that Steve Jobs possessed that made himself as well as his companies so successful were due his combination of the technical, interpersonal, and decision-making skills he possessed. Keeping up with the  latest technology in the tech industry is an absolute necessity, and Steve and Apple not only kept up with the industry but innovated it every step of the way, so his technical skills were very important. Steve’s interpersonal skills were not conventional in the regular sense of the meaning, but he had his own way of developing relationships and gaining the respect of his subordinates who wished to share in his vision of giving people products that they didn’t even know they wanted. He was sure to consistently communicate this point to his employees, and motivating was one of his key qualities, such as in his key note speeches to his customers to unveil new products every year. Lastly, and what I believe to be his most important skill that he possesses, is his decision-making skills. Jobs was able to come back to Apple and make the necessary decisions to bring it out of bankruptcy by changing the corporate culture back to an entrepreneurial environment to be the innovative company it once was. Critical thinking was a big part of his life, and Steve was known to take walks alone in an almost trance like state where he would be identifying problems and changes in the industry, know where opportunities lied, and would critically think to come up with creative ideas to be the leader and innovator in so many industries. 3. Under the interpersonal managerial leadership roles section, I believe that Steve fell under the category of figurehead and leader roles in this section. Steve was the go to speaker at the key note speeches of unveiling products, and he always had a sense of spirit about him that really made the customer believe in how much he loves the product they just unveiled, and how much Steve believed that the customer would love the product. Steve also continuously performed the leader role by giving instructions of the creation of products, why the company should head in a certain direction, or evaluating performance of research and development of new products. If Steve didn’t want to personally use it, chances are it was thrown in the trash and it was back to the drawing board. As far as the informational role category, I believe that Steve was in the monitor role as well as the spokesperson role. Steve was constantly gathering information and attending meetings in and out of the organization to create new and innovative products. As for the spokesperson role, as I have stated previously, he was the charismatic leader that was the face and spirit of what Apple was all about, and he had  the customer falling in love with a completely innovative product before they had seen anything like it before. As far as his decisional role, he was the company’s main entrepreneur as well as the main disturbance handler when Apple came to him on the verge of bankruptcy. New and improved products and services is Apple’s core belief thanks to Jobs, and his combination of these two roles saved the company single handed thanks to Steve’s enthusiasm and passion of innovation. His decisional roles that he played were by far his most important contributions since he not only saved the company from bankruptcy but also made it the innovative leader in technology for the last 20 years. 4. The primary level of analysis that this case focuses on is the organizational level of analysis. The focus is on how Steve Jobs can influence the entire organization of people to get on top of their game and to constantly be looking for change to innovate new products. He influenced the behaviors, work ethic, and productivity of all of his employees. He individually was able to completely turn the company around from bankruptcy because of the tactics he would use to influence perfection. His mind set was one way, always towards the next best product, and if he didn’t like it then the idea was scrapped. While some of his employees did not quite agree with the angry fits that Steve would have, even the employees that ended up quitting still said there was a sense of respect for what Steve was doing and his passion for it. Steve’s passion resonated throughout the entire organization, and the simple fact that his views of how the innovation culture at the workplace helpe d save it from bankruptcy shows his abilities. Saving Apple was not an easy task, but he was able to accomplish it. 5. The four leadership theory classifications that apply to this case are trait, behavior, contingency, and integrative. Steve’s trait paradigm involves how he acts in the environment of the organization, which included high energy levels at work whether it was anger or passion. It also included his appearance, which he appeared as an angry guy who wanted nothing but perfection, but also showed passion through it all. He was always able to persuade in his own ways, and he always showed his dominance in the workplace, which unfortunately ended up in his initial removal from Apple,  but proved extremely useful in his later years. The behavior paradigm applied in the way that Steve was extremely focused on certain tasks at hand, and the way he is always the biggest critic of any and all products being proposed or worked on in the company. The way that Steve Jobs contributed behaviorally in this case was by controlling his subordinates and demanding perfection every step of the way. The contingency paradigm shows that leadership style is situational, and even though people tended to dislike the way Jobs lead, he ran the organization into its most successful and profitable years, saving it from demise. The most relevant paradigm in my opinion is the integrative paradigm. Since it incorporates portions from the other three theories, I believe that it can be used to describe the charismatic, passion filled leadership qualities that Jobs possessed. He was able to inspire his employees and everyone was always enthusiastic once the levels of productivity they had put in resulted in a noteworthy product everyone will love. 6. Since the passing of Steve Jobs, this seems to be a question that is on everyone’s mind, from employee to shareholder to customer. While it is a scary thought, something tells me that the passion and vision that Jobs was able to give to the organization in the last decade he worked their contributed to the current mentality of a lot of the current top level managers still working there. It has become an atmosphere at Apple that they should only create products that would be worthy of a Jobs stamp of approval, and I personally do not think the organizational paradigm would shift after such an influential human being has put so much effort and soul into a company as Steve has done for Apple. Apple is the leading household name for so many different technologies, they have changed the music industry forever, and have an absolutely absurd amount of cash on hand to fund whatever types of projects they need to be sure they are constantly on top of the industry. While the technolo gy industry is one of the most fast paced changing industries with constant improvements in hardware and software, I do not see Apple falling behind to the point that they will not recover again.

Movie Review The Movie, Philadelphia And A Dumb Man Who...

Tom Hanks once said, â€Å"Sometimes a man just wants the impossible.† In his lifetime, most would agree that Hanks achieved the impossible through his acting career; he personalized many influential movie parts from a gay lawyer with AIDS in the movie Philadelphia to a dumb man who experienced many important events throughout history in Forrest Gump. This shift in the acting world happened on July 9, 1956 when a star was born. Thomas Jeffrey Hanks was born in Concord, California; his parents names are Janet Marylyn Frager and Amos Mefford Hanks. Tom Hanks lived with his father after his parents got divorced at the age of five. His two older siblings also stayed with him and his father while his younger sibling stayed with his mother; their names were Jim Hanks, Sandra Hanks, and Larry Hanks (Biography.com). Hanks’ father moved their family from state to state until they finally settled in Oakland, California where Tom attended high school. After graduating in 1974, Tom Hanks attended a junior college in Hayward California called Chabot Community College. During his time at Hayward, he read and watched a play called the Iceman Cometh by Eugene O Neill; this sparked his interest in acting. He decided to pursue a career in acting and transferred in the theater program at California State University in Sacramento (Biography.com). Tom Hanks’ humble beginning led to the rise of the famous actor within him who has won multiple awards for his acting and changed the world with theShow MoreRelatedLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pages Moscow - 2010 Summary The peculiarities of advertising language are the subject of this graduation paper. At the beginning, in the first chapter is given a general definition of advertising language, its history. The second chapter is types of advertising (consumer advertising, media of consumer advertising). In the third chapter we consider slogans, logos, types with tone and some thoughts of colour. In the fourth chapter we study advertising as a serviceRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagescould have been listed under several topics. Several of the cases and situations have seed questions provided to assist the reader in the analysis of the case. An instructor s manual is available from John Wiley Sons, Inc., to faculty members who adopt the book for classroom use. Almost all of the case studies are factual. In most circumstances, the cases and situations have been taken from the author s consulting practice. Some educators prefer not to use case studies dated back to the 1970sRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusionsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pageslikewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initialRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesmechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initialRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPrinciples of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis

Racial Identity And Access For High Academic Achievement

Racial Identity and Access to High Academic Achievement Modern research identifies race as a cause for educational attainment disparities; despite this conclusion, researchers have not yet ascertained a definitive reason why students of minority races have lesser academic achievement when provided the same economic opportunities and environment in which to learn as white students. Several hypotheses assert that the inequalities must be due to racialized peer pressure and unjust teacher interactions or different racial expectations to which minority students and white students hold themselves. In her article â€Å"Studying While Black: Trust, Opportunity, and Disrespect,† Sally Haslanger asserts that blacks are denied access to equal opportunity for knowledge based on racial discrimination and the resulting ego depletion of black students; she states that unjust epistemic exclusion is the cause for the education gap between blacks and whites. In â€Å"It s Not A Black Thing : Understanding the Burden of Acting White and Other Dilemmas of High Achievement,† Tyson, Darity, and Castellino argue that black culture encourages black youths to uphold stereotypes and underperform in school so as not to be the target of racial bullying. If a black child were to achieve highly in school, they would be, in high school culture, â€Å"acting white,† which may cause peers to bully them. Generally, this study says that cultural norms may influence race differences in education but does not holdShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of The Model Minority Stereotype1676 Words   |  7 Pagesintelligence and education; Jews are shrewd and miserly. What is unique about stereotypes concerning Asian American are the comparatively positive connotations compared to other ethnic and racial groups. Asian Americans are what is known as the model minority. 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Isolation Within The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne

Isolation in The Scarlet Letter In a community, people understand and know each other. In most cases, individuals grow up together and share the same ideals and customs. When a new person shows up, people tend to flock and try to form a persona of the person. Many people expect him or her to fit into the community very fast and follow their laws and customs without complaint. Unfortunately, not everyone can act as a perfect person, and mistakes or problems can occur, which leads to the isolation and alienation of the person from the rest of the community. Through the use of a historical lens in the 1850 novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne explores how the isolation of people and alienation of the communities who enact the isolation occurs from the strict belief structure of the Puritan communities; therefore, people need to forgive the mistakes and wrongs of others if they show remorse for their actions. Throughout history, the Puritan communities govern their communities on the basis of their religion and man-made laws. In many cases, like in Hester’s community, the church and governing body share very similar beliefs and leads to a strong connection with law and religion. According to Robert Higgs, people in Puritan communities did not feel guilt in â€Å"using government coercion† on others they believe do not follow their teachings to â€Å"knock some sense into the offender† (469). Puritan beliefs center around the laws from the bible. To keep the members of theShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1631 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s personal isolation originated in his early childhood and later developed the theme for his most renowned literary novel, The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne emphasized the impact that societal isolation can have on individuals. 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As a punishment for adultery, Hester Prynne, the main character in The Scarlet Letter, was required to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her chest and stand on the scaffold in the town center every day to endure public shaming. During his stay at Walden Pond, Thoreau escapes the rigidityRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Hester from The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne977 Words   |  4 PagesHester from The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne With nothing now to lose in the sight of mankind, and with no hope, and seemingly no wish, of gaining anything, it could only be a genuine regard for virtue that had brought back the poor wanderer to its paths. (153) With his precise diction Nathaniel Hawthorne displays an interesting conflict based on a disagreement between the protagonist, Hester Prynne, and the strict Puritan society around her in his novel The Scarlet Letter. This disagreement

War on Terrorism

Question: Discuss about theWar on Terrorism. Answer: PART: 1 It is true that terrorism has become a major subject of uneasiness to all over the world. But, the other fact is that terrorism as well as terrorist activities are not a new phenomenon to the world. Along with this, terrorists have spoiled the imaginations of the people. In this situation, popular culture has played a major role in order to understand terrorism in the 21st century. It is because of culture is a social-scientific sense of beliefs as well as values of the people. Moreover, it is also considered as a central component of the religions of people. The popular cultural illustrated that religion will be the most prominent dimension of terrorism of the 21st century. The event of 11 September is a major example of this (Howie, 2011). Apart from this, with the help of popular culture, people be acquainted with that Islamic and Western Judeo-Christian are the two main cultures that will be responsible for the new terrorism in the world. On the other hand, the culture demonstrates that terrorism efforts and attacks all around the world have disturbed the relationship of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim culture. Afghanistan and Iraq wars are the biggest examples of this. For that reason, in the 21st century, religion will be entrapped with political, ecological, social, economic and cultural dynamics. It will create the environment of tension, fear, and fuel resistance to all over the world. These things will be visible in acts of terrorism (Tuzuner, 2010). Along with this, the popular culture also explains that terrorism of the 21st century also involves all the things of the 20th century. But, the youth culture may play a major role to reduce the terrorism in the 21st century. The popular culture states that the religion will be root of terrorism in the 21st century. Currently, terrorism has created an environment of fear, anxiety and terror to all over the world. But, the emotions like fear, anxiety and terror cannot reduce the impact of terrorism. Apart from this, in real, emotions of people play a significant role in order to increase the terrorist attacks and activities in the world. The major reason behind it is that the objective of terrorist is only to spread and create fear in the minds of people. In other words, it also can be said that, the success of terrorism is only measured by its ability of spreading fear and triggering emotions among its targets (Waxman, 2011). Terrorist takes help of the emotions of people to accomplish their aims and objectives in a specified time period. Terrorist believe that by spreading fear and terror within the public they can make pressure on the government to proceed in ways they desire. Along with this, terrorist accept as true that fear, terror, anxiety, etc. are crucial to accomplish their political strategy in a desired way. Emotions of people are the major tools that the terrorist use to fulfill their goals in a proper way. For that reason, it is clear that, emotions of people do not reduce the impact of terrorism. In opposite to this, emotions improve the impact of terrorism. In this situation, stronger beliefs of the people may beneficial in order to reduce fear and anxiety of the people. So, people must follow stronger coping beliefs to reduce their emotions in an appropriate way. The reduced emotions will make people stronger at the time of terrorists attacks (Bongar, 2007). As a result, it can be said that, stronger coping beliefs will be advantageous to reduce the impact of terrorism in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Terrorism is only the most visible form of violence in a system of violence that sustains geopolitical normality. There are numerous reasons behind this. For case, the main reason is that, at the time of terrorist attacks, all the nations come together to found an appropriate solution to deal the situation in an appropriate way. For instance, the 9/11 attacks is a major example that show that how terror changes the geopolitical setting of the nations. On the other hand, it should be noted down that, terrorists basically use social terror to put in force the regularization process of the governments of the nations. In this situation, geographical and political regularity as well as unity of nations play a critical role to reduce the impact of social terror on the regularization process of the governments (Huggan and Law, 2011). They also make efforts to standardize their economy and society in order to maintain geopolitical normality effectively. Apart from this, the reality is that terrorism is only the most visible form of violence that makes efforts to ruin the geopolitical normality of nation. It is because of the major objective of terrorists is to break the unity of the nations; so they may accomplish their desired goals in a very easy way. But, all the nations are aware about the strategies of the terrorists. So, they make all their possible efforts to maintain unity and geopolitical normality at the time of crisis. In fact, terrorism is a sign of geopolitical disentanglement. It affects international relations of nations on a global level. Alternatively, it gives power to the nations; so they can handle all the situations in a proper way (Morgan, 2009). As a result, it can be said that terrorism is the most visible form of violence that sustains geopolitical normality effectively. PART: 2 Introduction It is well-known that, nowadays, terrorism has become a major topic of discussion to all over the world. Terrorist are using violence or terror as a tactic to achieve their goals as well as objectives. In this situation, all the nations are making their best efforts to face the continuing challenges of terrorism, violence and war. This research essay is helpful to describe the role of theory in responding to the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an effective way. Role of Theory to Respond the Ongoing Challenges of Terrorism, Violence and War Terrorism has been emerged as a major problem that is creating the environment of violence and fear in the world. Terrorists are implementing terrorism, violence and war to accomplish their political as well as social goals in an unscrupulous way. Along with this, theories play important roles in order to respond the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Terrorism theories are also considered as the major field of terrorism studies. Terrorism theories play a significant role in order to comprehend terrorism as a social construction that is used to certain violent acts all the way through a range of political, legal and intellectual processes (Christensen, Lgreid and Rykkja, 2012). Moreover, the theories are also used to understand and analysis dominant forms of terrorism in an effective way. On the other hand, the major objective of terrorism theories is to approach the enduring challenges of terrorism in a critical way. Moreover, the theories also beneficial to adopt and implement a more self-consciously approach to deal with the challenges of terrorism in an appropriate way. The theory also plays an important role in order to suggest an alternative way that may be beneficial to respond the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war effectively. Along with this, ontological and epistemological are the two major theories that offer different perspectives in the studies of terrorism (Thackrah, 2013). According to the ontological perspective, terrorism is basically a social fact as opposed to brute fact. Moreover, the epistemological theory states that terrorism studies are social processes those rely on contextual factors for the human safety and security. In addition to this, there are numerous important roles that the terrorism theories should play in responding to the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war. For case, the theory should illustrate that terrorism is influencing the whole society and it is a social process. So, the people should work jointly to defeat the constant challenges of terrorism in an effective and a proper manner. Along with this, the theory should address the areas of terror deterrence, intelligence congregation and information distribution to confirm the human safety and home security. Moreover, the theories should offer community policing practices that may be beneficial to support the safety and security of nations or people (Heazle, 2012). For case, adoption of the philosophy organization-wide, delegation of decision-making accountability, distribution of geographic general responsibilities, and deployment of volunteer resources are some of the major examples of these community policing pract ices. Along with this, the theories should recommend law enforcement in order to respond the challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an effective way. The main reason behind it is that these law enforcement officers make contacts with the people who are either openly or circuitously occupied in the terrorist activities. It is because of with the help of these contacts, the officers come to know about the potential terrorist activities and make efforts to fail these activities for the safety and security of people or nations (Bossong, 2011). Moreover, the theories should play a critical role in order to comprehend the nature, dynamics, and procedures of international terrorist groups that they may maneuver in or against the nations. The theorist should also recognize the movements, locations and plans of terrorist groups for the safety or security of the nations. In the same manner, the terrorism theories should assemble analyze perspicacity on probable terrorist activities, demeanor threat assessments, and also perform inquiries investigations in responding to the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an appropriate way. Moreover, the theory should play a major role to improve the intellectual power of the people; so they become to understand the hidden motives of the terrorists. They may understand that terrorism only works for the distortion of the humanity. People should know that their unity is a major tool that can play a major role to overcome the continuing challenges of terrorism, violence and war (Rineheart, 2010). In this situation, the theory should conduct effective training program to improve the education level of people towards the terrorism. It is because of with the help of this, they would be able to apply effective problem solving tactics or strategies to defeat the constant challenges of terrorism in an e ffective and an appropriate manner. Conclusion On the premise of the above analysis, it can be said that, the theories of terrorism may play important roles to reduce the ongoing challenges of terrorism and to create an environment of peace within the nations. References Bongar, B.M. (2007). Psychology of Terrorism. USA: Oxford University Press. Bossong, R. (2011). Public good theory and the added valueof the EUs counterterrorism policy. Economics of Security Working Paper, (42). Christensen, T., Lgreid, P. and Rykkja, L.H. (2012). How to cope with a terrorist attack?A challenge for the political and administrative leadership (pp. 1-35). COCOPS Working Paper 6. Heazle, M. (2012). Uncertainty in Policy Making: Values and Evidence in Complex Decisions. NY: Routledge. Howie, L. (2011). Terror on the Screen: Witnesses and the Re-animation of 9/11 as Image-event, Popular Culture. USA: New Academia Publishing, LLC. Huggan, G. and Law, I. (2011). Racism Postcolonialism Europe. Australia: Liverpool University Press. Morgan, M. (2009). The Impact of 9/11 on Religion and Philosophy: The Day that Changed Everything? USA: Springer. Rineheart, J. (2010). Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency. Perspectives on Terrorism, 4(5). Thackrah, J.R. (2013). Dictionary of Terrorism. NY: Routledge. Tuzuner, M. (2010). Intelligence Cooperation Practices in the 21st Century: Towards a Culture of Sharing. USA: IOS Press. Waxman, D. (2011). Living with terror, not living in terror: the impact of chronic terrorism on Israeli society. Perspectives on Terrorism, 5(5-6).