Racial Identity And Access For High Academic Achievement

Racial Identity and Access to High Academic Achievement Modern research identifies race as a cause for educational attainment disparities; despite this conclusion, researchers have not yet ascertained a definitive reason why students of minority races have lesser academic achievement when provided the same economic opportunities and environment in which to learn as white students. Several hypotheses assert that the inequalities must be due to racialized peer pressure and unjust teacher interactions or different racial expectations to which minority students and white students hold themselves. In her article â€Å"Studying While Black: Trust, Opportunity, and Disrespect,† Sally Haslanger asserts that blacks are denied access to equal opportunity for knowledge based on racial discrimination and the resulting ego depletion of black students; she states that unjust epistemic exclusion is the cause for the education gap between blacks and whites. In â€Å"It s Not A Black Thing : Understanding the Burden of Acting White and Other Dilemmas of High Achievement,† Tyson, Darity, and Castellino argue that black culture encourages black youths to uphold stereotypes and underperform in school so as not to be the target of racial bullying. If a black child were to achieve highly in school, they would be, in high school culture, â€Å"acting white,† which may cause peers to bully them. Generally, this study says that cultural norms may influence race differences in education but does not holdShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of The Model Minority Stereotype1676 Words   |  7 Pagesintelligence and education; Jews are shrewd and miserly. What is unique about stereotypes concerning Asian American are the comparatively positive connotations compared to other ethnic and racial groups. Asian Americans are what is known as the model minority. They are considered to have strong work ethic and high intelligence and are the successful minority group (Beyond mo del minority status 19). While being the model minority sounds flattering and beneficial on the surface, it can alsoRead MoreUnderstanding The Family Dynamics, And School Preparation917 Words   |  4 Pagesvariables that influence student achievement, I agree with Dr. Sampson that attitudes and behavior is perhaps the foundation for achievement outcomes. Common practices such as parents helping with home-work and properly supervising children are referenced as key supports for academic success. Other strengths of Dr. Sampson arguments include the critical assessment that community organization, families and schools need to collaborate in effort to foster greater academic achievement in students. By acknowledgingRead MoreJohn Ogbu s Oppositional Culture Theory1325 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Ogbu’s oppositional culture theory explains racial differences in educational performance by looking at the societal structures of minorities. Ogbu uses case studies which he looks at the affluent neighborhoods that represent oppositional culture. There are several explanations as to academic disengagement among certain minorities. He also looks at white academic efforts and explanations of their own disengagement. According to James Ainsworth-Darnell and Douglas Downey, they state that, â€Å"ImmigrantRead MoreAffirmative Action For College Admissions990 Words   |  4 Pagesthe life experiences of black, Latino, and Native American students. The impact of race on their lives af fects their learning and puts them at a disadvantage socially, economically, and psychologically. Secondly, they argue that factors that assess academic competence, such as grades, standardized test scores, and course loads, only test the skills that students gain based on the amount of resources that are available to them; minorities tend to have less resources. Thirdly, they point out that a diverseRead MorePhysical Maturation B : Cognitive Development And Schooling1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthinking about them. Adolescents build up personal fables that affect their immunity and uniqueness to harm. Student’s performance is affected by less intensive instruction and less time spent in classes. Academic performance is depending on socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity. Web access will have both positive and negative points. There are several reasons for drop the school such as problem with languages, pregnancy and economic status. Adolescents use drugs for pleasurable expe rience toRead MoreSocioeconomic Inequality Between White Students And Minority Students1605 Words   |  7 PagesEducational inequality is attributed to economic disparities that often falls along racial lines and much modern conversation about educational equity conflates the two, showing how they are inseparable from residential location and, more recently, language.Educational inequality between white students and minority students continues to perpetuate social and economic inequality. Throughout the world, there have been continuous attempts to reform education at all levels. With different causes thatRead MoreCulturally Responsive Teaching : An Emerging Field1509 Words   |  7 Pagesdifference is the single largest difference in U.S. schools and also the most neglected. The goal of Culturally Responsive Teaching is to provide an equal opportunity for all students to learn in school, regardless of their gender, social class, ethnic, racial or cultural characteristics (Banks 2005). Ladson-Billings (1994) suggest that the historic failings of educators in educating non-white students is that educators attempt to insert culture into education rather than insert education into the cultureRead MoreThe Key Elements Of Educational Opportunity Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pages Hammond recognizes this and after presenting her concerns, she postulates that to achieve a greater democracy we must continue to work to â€Å"equalize access to educational opportunity†(H ammond 2010) by focusing on â€Å"five key elements: Meaningful learning goals...Intelligent reciprocal accountability systems...equitable and adequate resources...Strong professional standards and supports...Schools organized for student and teacher learning.† (Hammond 2010). Although well intentioned past federal reformsRead MoreAsian American And Asian Americans964 Words   |  4 PagesMany Asian Americans take great pride in a strong work ethic and an equally strong value system in terms of educational achievement. This cultural legacy stems from a long tradition of Asians coming into America as immigrants since the 19th century. During this time, there are third and fourth generation Asian Americans that have adopted the principles of a quality education and strong work ethic as part of being of Asian descent in a primarily white Anglo-American population. Culturally, many AsiansRead MoreA Study of Factors Contributing to the Lack of Success and Participation of African American in Males in Advance Placement Classes1538 Words   |  7 Pagesbrief review of those factors that contribute to the academic achievement gap between African American males. A sample of 25 8th grade, African American, male students from Dent Middle School will be identifyied as participates for the research. Although there has been research written about the achievement gap between African American and their counterparts, the literature is limited regarding strategies tailored specifically to address the achievement gap between African American males. Participant’s

Isolation Within The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne

Isolation in The Scarlet Letter In a community, people understand and know each other. In most cases, individuals grow up together and share the same ideals and customs. When a new person shows up, people tend to flock and try to form a persona of the person. Many people expect him or her to fit into the community very fast and follow their laws and customs without complaint. Unfortunately, not everyone can act as a perfect person, and mistakes or problems can occur, which leads to the isolation and alienation of the person from the rest of the community. Through the use of a historical lens in the 1850 novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne explores how the isolation of people and alienation of the communities who enact the isolation occurs from the strict belief structure of the Puritan communities; therefore, people need to forgive the mistakes and wrongs of others if they show remorse for their actions. Throughout history, the Puritan communities govern their communities on the basis of their religion and man-made laws. In many cases, like in Hester’s community, the church and governing body share very similar beliefs and leads to a strong connection with law and religion. According to Robert Higgs, people in Puritan communities did not feel guilt in â€Å"using government coercion† on others they believe do not follow their teachings to â€Å"knock some sense into the offender† (469). Puritan beliefs center around the laws from the bible. To keep the members of theShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1631 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s personal isolation originated in his early childhood and later developed the theme for his most renowned literary novel, The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne emphasized the impact that societal isolation can have on individuals. Several of the victims inflicted with isolation throughout the novel were ultimately met with their inevitable downfalls. One particular character, Hester Prynne, was selected to undergo a struggle comparable to Hawthorne’sRead MoreAntifeminist and Feminism within The Scarlet Letter1388 Words   |  6 PagesAntifeminist and Feminism within The Scarlet Letter In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† Hester Prynne is accused and convicted of adultery. During the puritan era women in this society had specific obligations and rights they had to maintain. By Hester having an affair and acting unladylike the community disapproved of her actions causing everyone to isolate her in her town. Due to Hester Prynne’s Isolation and the harsh judgment she received from everyone in her town, she goes throughRead MoreSpheres in Scarlet Letter Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesdefine who they are. Nathaniel Hawthorne also criticizes the Utopian ideals that societies often hold in his novel, The Scarlet Letter. The main character, Hester goes astray from the rules of her Puritan town and must wear a scarlet letter on her chest to declare her sin. The scarlet letter isolates Hester from the pressures to conform to society, giving her the opportunity to find her individualistic moral perspective in life and she shares this revel ation with Dimmesdale. Hawthorne conveys this conceptRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Hugues Merle1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scarlet Letter (Figure 1) painted by Hugues Merle in 1861 depicts the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathanial Hawthorne. Hester Prynne, an adulteress forced to wear the letter â€Å"A† upon her bosom forever, becomes an outcast from the community with her daughter, Pearl. Merle was often known for painting scenes of mothers and children. He illustrates the scene of Hester and Pearl sitting in the town square as part of her punishment. The townspeople walk by, pointing fingers and making shrewd remarksRead More The Double Life Exposed in The Scarlet Letter Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesin The Scarlet Letter    Irish novelist Brian Moore observed, There comes a point in many peoples lives when they can no longer play the role they have chosen for themselves.   From Hollywood movie stars to professional athletes, people have and will continue to lead false lives, under the public spotlight, concealing their personal travails.   In literature, the preceding statement has held true numerous times, in works such as Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet LetterRead More The Symbolic Use of Nature in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Symbolic Use of Nature in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚     In Nathaniel Hawthornes classic The Scarlet Letter, nature plays a very important and symbolic role.   Hawthorne uses nature to convey the mood of a scene, to describe characters, and to link the natural elements with human nature.   Many of the passages that have to do with nature accomplish more than one of these ideas.   All throughout the book, nature is incorporated into the story line. The deep symbolism conveyed by certain aspectsRead MoreBeing A Single Parent By Nathaniel Hawthorne1574 Words   |  7 Pagesof nobles to satan status. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, Hester Prynne is selected for this demanding role, and from the start nothing goes smoothly for the heroine. Though Hester herself is in fact married,she found herself falling for her local reverend, Arthur Dimmesdale, who held a mutual devotion to Hester as she did him. In the midst of their passion little baby Pearl was born, and Hester, whose husband has been missing for years, was for ced into isolation in the woods for her sin, whileRead MoreHester Prynne and Roger Chillingworth in Puritan Society Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pageshimself and the community. Hester Prynne and Roger Chillingworth experience different types of isolation, and while Hester chooses to transcend Puritan laws and live a purposeful life regardless of how it affects her, Chillingworth decides to become infatuated with the sin of Arthur Dimmesdale and live in revenge outside of Puritan society which ultimately leads to his demise. Throughout The Scarlet Letter, Puritan society greatly affects the characters boundaries, limitations, and expectations becauseRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, Walden By Henry David Thoreau, And Beloved By Toni Morrison806 Words   |  4 Pages In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Walden by Henry David Thoreau, and Beloved by Toni Morrison, the authors describe cruel and flawed aspects of society as system and human nature in individuals within a society. As a punishment for adultery, Hester Prynne, the main character in The Scarlet Letter, was required to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her chest and stand on the scaffold in the town center every day to endure public shaming. During his stay at Walden Pond, Thoreau escapes the rigidityRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Hester from The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne977 Words   |  4 PagesHester from The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne With nothing now to lose in the sight of mankind, and with no hope, and seemingly no wish, of gaining anything, it could only be a genuine regard for virtue that had brought back the poor wanderer to its paths. (153) With his precise diction Nathaniel Hawthorne displays an interesting conflict based on a disagreement between the protagonist, Hester Prynne, and the strict Puritan society around her in his novel The Scarlet Letter. This disagreement

War on Terrorism

Question: Discuss about theWar on Terrorism. Answer: PART: 1 It is true that terrorism has become a major subject of uneasiness to all over the world. But, the other fact is that terrorism as well as terrorist activities are not a new phenomenon to the world. Along with this, terrorists have spoiled the imaginations of the people. In this situation, popular culture has played a major role in order to understand terrorism in the 21st century. It is because of culture is a social-scientific sense of beliefs as well as values of the people. Moreover, it is also considered as a central component of the religions of people. The popular cultural illustrated that religion will be the most prominent dimension of terrorism of the 21st century. The event of 11 September is a major example of this (Howie, 2011). Apart from this, with the help of popular culture, people be acquainted with that Islamic and Western Judeo-Christian are the two main cultures that will be responsible for the new terrorism in the world. On the other hand, the culture demonstrates that terrorism efforts and attacks all around the world have disturbed the relationship of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim culture. Afghanistan and Iraq wars are the biggest examples of this. For that reason, in the 21st century, religion will be entrapped with political, ecological, social, economic and cultural dynamics. It will create the environment of tension, fear, and fuel resistance to all over the world. These things will be visible in acts of terrorism (Tuzuner, 2010). Along with this, the popular culture also explains that terrorism of the 21st century also involves all the things of the 20th century. But, the youth culture may play a major role to reduce the terrorism in the 21st century. The popular culture states that the religion will be root of terrorism in the 21st century. Currently, terrorism has created an environment of fear, anxiety and terror to all over the world. But, the emotions like fear, anxiety and terror cannot reduce the impact of terrorism. Apart from this, in real, emotions of people play a significant role in order to increase the terrorist attacks and activities in the world. The major reason behind it is that the objective of terrorist is only to spread and create fear in the minds of people. In other words, it also can be said that, the success of terrorism is only measured by its ability of spreading fear and triggering emotions among its targets (Waxman, 2011). Terrorist takes help of the emotions of people to accomplish their aims and objectives in a specified time period. Terrorist believe that by spreading fear and terror within the public they can make pressure on the government to proceed in ways they desire. Along with this, terrorist accept as true that fear, terror, anxiety, etc. are crucial to accomplish their political strategy in a desired way. Emotions of people are the major tools that the terrorist use to fulfill their goals in a proper way. For that reason, it is clear that, emotions of people do not reduce the impact of terrorism. In opposite to this, emotions improve the impact of terrorism. In this situation, stronger beliefs of the people may beneficial in order to reduce fear and anxiety of the people. So, people must follow stronger coping beliefs to reduce their emotions in an appropriate way. The reduced emotions will make people stronger at the time of terrorists attacks (Bongar, 2007). As a result, it can be said that, stronger coping beliefs will be advantageous to reduce the impact of terrorism in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Terrorism is only the most visible form of violence in a system of violence that sustains geopolitical normality. There are numerous reasons behind this. For case, the main reason is that, at the time of terrorist attacks, all the nations come together to found an appropriate solution to deal the situation in an appropriate way. For instance, the 9/11 attacks is a major example that show that how terror changes the geopolitical setting of the nations. On the other hand, it should be noted down that, terrorists basically use social terror to put in force the regularization process of the governments of the nations. In this situation, geographical and political regularity as well as unity of nations play a critical role to reduce the impact of social terror on the regularization process of the governments (Huggan and Law, 2011). They also make efforts to standardize their economy and society in order to maintain geopolitical normality effectively. Apart from this, the reality is that terrorism is only the most visible form of violence that makes efforts to ruin the geopolitical normality of nation. It is because of the major objective of terrorists is to break the unity of the nations; so they may accomplish their desired goals in a very easy way. But, all the nations are aware about the strategies of the terrorists. So, they make all their possible efforts to maintain unity and geopolitical normality at the time of crisis. In fact, terrorism is a sign of geopolitical disentanglement. It affects international relations of nations on a global level. Alternatively, it gives power to the nations; so they can handle all the situations in a proper way (Morgan, 2009). As a result, it can be said that terrorism is the most visible form of violence that sustains geopolitical normality effectively. PART: 2 Introduction It is well-known that, nowadays, terrorism has become a major topic of discussion to all over the world. Terrorist are using violence or terror as a tactic to achieve their goals as well as objectives. In this situation, all the nations are making their best efforts to face the continuing challenges of terrorism, violence and war. This research essay is helpful to describe the role of theory in responding to the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an effective way. Role of Theory to Respond the Ongoing Challenges of Terrorism, Violence and War Terrorism has been emerged as a major problem that is creating the environment of violence and fear in the world. Terrorists are implementing terrorism, violence and war to accomplish their political as well as social goals in an unscrupulous way. Along with this, theories play important roles in order to respond the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Terrorism theories are also considered as the major field of terrorism studies. Terrorism theories play a significant role in order to comprehend terrorism as a social construction that is used to certain violent acts all the way through a range of political, legal and intellectual processes (Christensen, Lgreid and Rykkja, 2012). Moreover, the theories are also used to understand and analysis dominant forms of terrorism in an effective way. On the other hand, the major objective of terrorism theories is to approach the enduring challenges of terrorism in a critical way. Moreover, the theories also beneficial to adopt and implement a more self-consciously approach to deal with the challenges of terrorism in an appropriate way. The theory also plays an important role in order to suggest an alternative way that may be beneficial to respond the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war effectively. Along with this, ontological and epistemological are the two major theories that offer different perspectives in the studies of terrorism (Thackrah, 2013). According to the ontological perspective, terrorism is basically a social fact as opposed to brute fact. Moreover, the epistemological theory states that terrorism studies are social processes those rely on contextual factors for the human safety and security. In addition to this, there are numerous important roles that the terrorism theories should play in responding to the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war. For case, the theory should illustrate that terrorism is influencing the whole society and it is a social process. So, the people should work jointly to defeat the constant challenges of terrorism in an effective and a proper manner. Along with this, the theory should address the areas of terror deterrence, intelligence congregation and information distribution to confirm the human safety and home security. Moreover, the theories should offer community policing practices that may be beneficial to support the safety and security of nations or people (Heazle, 2012). For case, adoption of the philosophy organization-wide, delegation of decision-making accountability, distribution of geographic general responsibilities, and deployment of volunteer resources are some of the major examples of these community policing pract ices. Along with this, the theories should recommend law enforcement in order to respond the challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an effective way. The main reason behind it is that these law enforcement officers make contacts with the people who are either openly or circuitously occupied in the terrorist activities. It is because of with the help of these contacts, the officers come to know about the potential terrorist activities and make efforts to fail these activities for the safety and security of people or nations (Bossong, 2011). Moreover, the theories should play a critical role in order to comprehend the nature, dynamics, and procedures of international terrorist groups that they may maneuver in or against the nations. The theorist should also recognize the movements, locations and plans of terrorist groups for the safety or security of the nations. In the same manner, the terrorism theories should assemble analyze perspicacity on probable terrorist activities, demeanor threat assessments, and also perform inquiries investigations in responding to the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an appropriate way. Moreover, the theory should play a major role to improve the intellectual power of the people; so they become to understand the hidden motives of the terrorists. They may understand that terrorism only works for the distortion of the humanity. People should know that their unity is a major tool that can play a major role to overcome the continuing challenges of terrorism, violence and war (Rineheart, 2010). In this situation, the theory should conduct effective training program to improve the education level of people towards the terrorism. It is because of with the help of this, they would be able to apply effective problem solving tactics or strategies to defeat the constant challenges of terrorism in an e ffective and an appropriate manner. Conclusion On the premise of the above analysis, it can be said that, the theories of terrorism may play important roles to reduce the ongoing challenges of terrorism and to create an environment of peace within the nations. References Bongar, B.M. (2007). Psychology of Terrorism. USA: Oxford University Press. Bossong, R. (2011). Public good theory and the added valueof the EUs counterterrorism policy. Economics of Security Working Paper, (42). Christensen, T., Lgreid, P. and Rykkja, L.H. (2012). How to cope with a terrorist attack?A challenge for the political and administrative leadership (pp. 1-35). COCOPS Working Paper 6. Heazle, M. (2012). Uncertainty in Policy Making: Values and Evidence in Complex Decisions. NY: Routledge. Howie, L. (2011). Terror on the Screen: Witnesses and the Re-animation of 9/11 as Image-event, Popular Culture. USA: New Academia Publishing, LLC. Huggan, G. and Law, I. (2011). Racism Postcolonialism Europe. Australia: Liverpool University Press. Morgan, M. (2009). The Impact of 9/11 on Religion and Philosophy: The Day that Changed Everything? USA: Springer. Rineheart, J. (2010). Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency. Perspectives on Terrorism, 4(5). Thackrah, J.R. (2013). Dictionary of Terrorism. NY: Routledge. Tuzuner, M. (2010). Intelligence Cooperation Practices in the 21st Century: Towards a Culture of Sharing. USA: IOS Press. Waxman, D. (2011). Living with terror, not living in terror: the impact of chronic terrorism on Israeli society. Perspectives on Terrorism, 5(5-6).

Solutions to Social Problems Essay Example

Solutions to Social Problems Essay In Solutions to Social Problems From the Bottom Up: Successful Social Movements by D. Stanley Eitzen and Kenneth Stewart, a light is shone on how incredibly powerful social movements may be. The United States has been no stranger to social movements and the influential leaders that have made them known. The novel describes in detail the various accounts that African Americans, women and other minorities fought for equal rights in the United States and even around the world. The first three chapters of the novel reveal a few articles that expand on a few of the major social movements in the United States and exactly how they have affected modern day. Direct action today may not always be as obvious as the actions taken during the early social movements but they are constantly present in our everyday life whether it is realized or not. It is clear through the reading that the actions during these movements were life altering for not only that time but for the future. The direct actions of our generation will shape those generations ahead of us. We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions to Social Problems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions to Social Problems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions to Social Problems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the novel the first three chapters introduce some of the most powerful and successful movements in the United States. The first chapter breaks down what a social movement is and how an issue can become a social movement. It also reveals why social movements are actually necessary for society. The chapter explains how people of the minority, whether it is race or religion or sexuality, have constantly fought with the oppressors of society for equal rights. It defines a social movement as the collective attempt to promote, resist or reverse change. It goes on to explain that the key to any successful social movement is ideology. The ideology provides the goals and rationale for the movement, brings together minorities for a common cause and brings the action to attention for all individuals who believe in the fight. The chapter also breaks down the three types of social movements. There are resistance movements which resist change, for example the anti-abortion activists. There are reform movements that want to change a specific part of society like women’s rights or gay rights. And there are revolutionary movements who are looking for radical and drastic changes like the situation with Fidel Castro in Cuba or the American Revolution. The chapter also reveals the steps of a social movement. The first step is to attract members for the cause; second step is to focus on the fight which usually takes place after an outrageous act is performed against the group. The third step is to become an organization, with leaders and roles for the members. The final step may or may not occur. The fourth and final step is to integrate the movement into society. This will only happen if the movement has been successful however. In the chapter Howard Zinn and David Meyer give both past and present day examples of successful social movements. Zinn looks into those who protested the war in Vietnam. He focuses on the May 1970 sit down protest where activists sat down in front of the buses deporting soldiers to make a statement. Meyer gives an example that more recently occurred. In January 2003 tens of thousands of people marched into Washington to protest the invasion on Iraq. Both Zinn and Meyer explain that even the smallest actions can change the world. By coming together and taking a stand it may make the government and the rest of society take notice and make a change. The second chapter gets into more detail about some of the history’s most infamous and important movements. It focuses on the Civil Rights Movement, Women’s Rights Movement and the Gay Rights Movement. The first article in this chapter by Taylor Branch gives an example of a peaceful protest during the Civil Rights Movement. In Greensboro, it began with black college students sitting at the white counter refusing to move until they were served, and ended up a nationwide action with groups all across the south imitating them. It often resulted in the arrests of many black people but they were determined to be heard and often many of them chose jail over community service. Their actions may not have made a drastic change then, but the impact it had on the future is astounding. The second article by Charles Wilson reveals the struggles of the disabled people. In September 1984 a dozen men and women in wheel chairs rolled in front a city bus and refused to move. They were trying to bring attention to the lack of transportation for disabled people in the city. The article reveals how many people wait hours and hours sometimes in the cold or rain to be given a ride somewhere they need to go. The protest occurred in a few city buses, determined to make their voices heard. Each member of the protest wore a name tag that read: Hi My Name is Rosa Parks. This small gesture proves that the actions taken by Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. and so many other activists made an immense impact on the future. The third chapter focuses on the effects of these movements and how people are still benefiting from them today. In this chapter examples of the Dorr Rebellion and how women won the right to vote are discussed as well as the Mississippi Freedom Summer. The main point of each article in this chapter is to show how much of an impact people in these movements and in the past have had on our future. Without Dorr’s fight for the equality to vote among the white men it would not have led to African Americans earning the right to vote or women’s right to vote. Women’s right to vote is also due to the strong fight of Susan B. Anthony. It is a ripple effect. Each movement made strides and changes in society only to raise the awareness of new ones to improve on. The tragic losses of the Freedom Summer in Mississippi revealed to the North and the rest of the South how horrific the tension between whites and blacks was becoming and it made people realize it needed to be stopped. Without the fearlessness of people like Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr. , Susan B. Anthony and many more activist leaders our society today would have a lot more social problems. Direct action can be defined as any action seeking to achieve an immediate or direct result, especially an action against an established authority or powerful institution such as by strike or picketing. Direct action can be anything from a peaceful march to protest, to angry picketers chanting and refusing to work or support the issue they are protesting. An example of direct action could be the picketers and protesters that stand outside of Women’s clinics where abortions are performed. In extreme cases, girls and women that go into the clinic get screamed at and bombarded with accusations and threatening words telling them not to kill their baby. On the other hand you may find pro choice activists arguing back, holding signs and protesting for women to have their own choice. One of the most well known forms of direct action occurred in the Civil Rights Movement. It began with a woman named Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat for a white person and snowballed into a social movement that would change our country. The leader of the Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr. believed in non-violent forms of direct actions which is why a majority of the protests that occurred in the Civil Rights Movement were sit-ins or peaceful marches and rallies. Direct action has been around as long as there have been struggles in world. It can be violent or non violent and focus on a broad range of topics. In his book, Direct Action, William Mellor believed that direct action occurred between the workplace and employees. He gave examples of lockouts, strikes and picketing and even sabotage in order for workers or employers to get what they want. U. S. anarchist and feminist Voltairine de Cleyre on the other hand believed that direct action focused more on civil rights. As it turns out, they are both correct. Today you see workers going on strike for better wages or better treatment and you also see people demanding for civil rights. The most popular and controversial protest of modern day is gay rights. Even in such modern time there are still many people who oppose homosexuality. The struggle for equal rights, mainly the right to be married, is still ongoing for homosexuals. They have not given up the fight however, even making progress in the few states that have legalized gay marriage. Today there are vast numbers of activist groups that are taking direct action to make changes in society. Even with all the hard work from Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr. and Susan B. Anthony there are still social problems today. With the change of one thing comes an issue of another. Today there are the social problems of the War in Iraq, the abortion dilemma, gay marriage dilemma, health care reform and so much more. No matter how far in the future we go, there will always be a social problem that will require the direct action of those who strongly believe in it. After reading this novel by D. Stanley Eitzen and Kenneth Stewart, I was once again amazed at the brave actions taken by the leaders in our past and present. I never realized the importance social movements have on our society. The Civil Rights Movement led to African Americans earning equality, the Dorr Rebellion earned all white men the right to vote which led to the movements of Women’s Voting Rights and African American’s voting rights. With these movements resolved the nation looked more closely at how it can change and the workplace was improved as was the equality of women and men. Today without these movements the world would be a far less amazing place. Today thanks to the bravery of activist leaders and members who took a stand on the important issues and refused to back down, men and women can work the same job, they can both vote in elections. African Americans are part of our society and we now embrace minorities as regular people just like anyone else. We were able to make historical changes then, and I hope we are able to make them now as well. There are still important issues that are being raised. It is time for our generation and future generations to step up and follow in the footsteps of those before us. The War in Iraq needs to be resolved, the abortion dilemma needs to end and what about global warming and our quickly deteriorating environment. Most importantly, gay rights to need to be recognized at last. No one should be able to say no to a gay couple who wants to get married. A gay man should be able to fight for his country and still be proud of his partner or sexuality without having to hide it as part of the Don’t Ask Don’t Tell. This issue is important to me and if we were able to change this then it would have a huge impact on the future. Reading this novel, I felt inspired to make a change. Everyone needs to take a stand for something they believe in. If everyone were to do so, the world would be a much better place, and who knows, maybe one day far in the future we can all live peacefully and happily without any more social conflicts. Works Cited Direct Action. N. p. , 20 Apr. 2010. Web. 11 Apr. 2010. . Eitzen, D, Stanley, and Kenneth Stewart. Solutions to Social Problems from the Bottom up: Successful Social Movements. Boston: Pearson, 2007. Print. Social Movement. N. p. , 2 Apr. 2008. Web. 13 Apr. 2010. . Solutions to Social Problems Essay Example Solutions to Social Problems Essay In Solutions to Social Problems From the Bottom Up: Successful Social Movements by D. Stanley Eitzen and Kenneth Stewart, a light is shone on how incredibly powerful social movements may be. The United States has been no stranger to social movements and the influential leaders that have made them known. The novel describes in detail the various accounts that African Americans, women and other minorities fought for equal rights in the United States and even around the world. The first three chapters of the novel reveal a few articles that expand on a few of the major social movements in the United States and exactly how they have affected modern day. Direct action today may not always be as obvious as the actions taken during the early social movements but they are constantly present in our everyday life whether it is realized or not. It is clear through the reading that the actions during these movements were life altering for not only that time but for the future. The direct actions of our generation will shape those generations ahead of us. We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions to Social Problems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions to Social Problems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions to Social Problems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the novel the first three chapters introduce some of the most powerful and successful movements in the United States. The first chapter breaks down what a social movement is and how an issue can become a social movement. It also reveals why social movements are actually necessary for society. The chapter explains how people of the minority, whether it is race or religion or sexuality, have constantly fought with the oppressors of society for equal rights. It defines a social movement as the collective attempt to promote, resist or reverse change. It goes on to explain that the key to any successful social movement is ideology. The ideology provides the goals and rationale for the movement, brings together minorities for a common cause and brings the action to attention for all individuals who believe in the fight. The chapter also breaks down the three types of social movements. There are resistance movements which resist change, for example the anti-abortion activists. There are reform movements that want to change a specific part of society like women’s rights or gay rights. And there are revolutionary movements who are looking for radical and drastic changes like the situation with Fidel Castro in Cuba or the American Revolution. The chapter also reveals the steps of a social movement. The first step is to attract members for the cause; second step is to focus on the fight which usually takes place after an outrageous act is performed against the group. The third step is to become an organization, with leaders and roles for the members. The final step may or may not occur. The fourth and final step is to integrate the movement into society. This will only happen if the movement has been successful however. In the chapter Howard Zinn and David Meyer give both past and present day examples of successful social movements. Zinn looks into those who protested the war in Vietnam. He focuses on the May 1970 sit down protest where activists sat down in front of the buses deporting soldiers to make a statement. Meyer gives an example that more recently occurred. In January 2003 tens of thousands of people marched into Washington to protest the invasion on Iraq. Both Zinn and Meyer explain that even the smallest actions can change the world. By coming together and taking a stand it may make the government and the rest of society take notice and make a change. The second chapter gets into more detail about some of the history’s most infamous and important movements. It focuses on the Civil Rights Movement, Women’s Rights Movement and the Gay Rights Movement. The first article in this chapter by Taylor Branch gives an example of a peaceful protest during the Civil Rights Movement. In Greensboro, it began with black college students sitting at the white counter refusing to move until they were served, and ended up a nationwide action with groups all across the south imitating them. It often resulted in the arrests of many black people but they were determined to be heard and often many of them chose jail over community service. Their actions may not have made a drastic change then, but the impact it had on the future is astounding. The second article by Charles Wilson reveals the struggles of the disabled people. In September 1984 a dozen men and women in wheel chairs rolled in front a city bus and refused to move. They were trying to bring attention to the lack of transportation for disabled people in the city. The article reveals how many people wait hours and hours sometimes in the cold or rain to be given a ride somewhere they need to go. The protest occurred in a few city buses, determined to make their voices heard. Each member of the protest wore a name tag that read: Hi My Name is Rosa Parks. This small gesture proves that the actions taken by Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. and so many other activists made an immense impact on the future. The third chapter focuses on the effects of these movements and how people are still benefiting from them today. In this chapter examples of the Dorr Rebellion and how women won the right to vote are discussed as well as the Mississippi Freedom Summer. The main point of each article in this chapter is to show how much of an impact people in these movements and in the past have had on our future. Without Dorr’s fight for the equality to vote among the white men it would not have led to African Americans earning the right to vote or women’s right to vote. Women’s right to vote is also due to the strong fight of Susan B. Anthony. It is a ripple effect. Each movement made strides and changes in society only to raise the awareness of new ones to improve on. The tragic losses of the Freedom Summer in Mississippi revealed to the North and the rest of the South how horrific the tension between whites and blacks was becoming and it made people realize it needed to be stopped. Without the fearlessness of people like Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr. , Susan B. Anthony and many more activist leaders our society today would have a lot more social problems. Direct action can be defined as any action seeking to achieve an immediate or direct result, especially an action against an established authority or powerful institution such as by strike or picketing. Direct action can be anything from a peaceful march to protest, to angry picketers chanting and refusing to work or support the issue they are protesting. An example of direct action could be the picketers and protesters that stand outside of Women’s clinics where abortions are performed. In extreme cases, girls and women that go into the clinic get screamed at and bombarded with accusations and threatening words telling them not to kill their baby. On the other hand you may find pro choice activists arguing back, holding signs and protesting for women to have their own choice. One of the most well known forms of direct action occurred in the Civil Rights Movement. It began with a woman named Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat for a white person and snowballed into a social movement that would change our country. The leader of the Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr. believed in non-violent forms of direct actions which is why a majority of the protests that occurred in the Civil Rights Movement were sit-ins or peaceful marches and rallies. Direct action has been around as long as there have been struggles in world. It can be violent or non violent and focus on a broad range of topics. In his book, Direct Action, William Mellor believed that direct action occurred between the workplace and employees. He gave examples of lockouts, strikes and picketing and even sabotage in order for workers or employers to get what they want. U. S. anarchist and feminist Voltairine de Cleyre on the other hand believed that direct action focused more on civil rights. As it turns out, they are both correct. Today you see workers going on strike for better wages or better treatment and you also see people demanding for civil rights. The most popular and controversial protest of modern day is gay rights. Even in such modern time there are still many people who oppose homosexuality. The struggle for equal rights, mainly the right to be married, is still ongoing for homosexuals. They have not given up the fight however, even making progress in the few states that have legalized gay marriage. Today there are vast numbers of activist groups that are taking direct action to make changes in society. Even with all the hard work from Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr. and Susan B. Anthony there are still social problems today. With the change of one thing comes an issue of another. Today there are the social problems of the War in Iraq, the abortion dilemma, gay marriage dilemma, health care reform and so much more. No matter how far in the future we go, there will always be a social problem that will require the direct action of those who strongly believe in it. After reading this novel by D. Stanley Eitzen and Kenneth Stewart, I was once again amazed at the brave actions taken by the leaders in our past and present. I never realized the importance social movements have on our society. The Civil Rights Movement led to African Americans earning equality, the Dorr Rebellion earned all white men the right to vote which led to the movements of Women’s Voting Rights and African American’s voting rights. With these movements resolved the nation looked more closely at how it can change and the workplace was improved as was the equality of women and men. Today without these movements the world would be a far less amazing place. Today thanks to the bravery of activist leaders and members who took a stand on the important issues and refused to back down, men and women can work the same job, they can both vote in elections. African Americans are part of our society and we now embrace minorities as regular people just like anyone else. We were able to make historical changes then, and I hope we are able to make them now as well. There are still important issues that are being raised. It is time for our generation and future generations to step up and follow in the footsteps of those before us. The War in Iraq needs to be resolved, the abortion dilemma needs to end and what about global warming and our quickly deteriorating environment. Most importantly, gay rights to need to be recognized at last. No one should be able to say no to a gay couple who wants to get married. A gay man should be able to fight for his country and still be proud of his partner or sexuality without having to hide it as part of the Don’t Ask Don’t Tell. This issue is important to me and if we were able to change this then it would have a huge impact on the future. Reading this novel, I felt inspired to make a change. Everyone needs to take a stand for something they believe in. If everyone were to do so, the world would be a much better place, and who knows, maybe one day far in the future we can all live peacefully and happily without any more social conflicts. Works Cited Direct Action. N. p. , 20 Apr. 2010. Web. 11 Apr. 2010. . Eitzen, D, Stanley, and Kenneth Stewart. Solutions to Social Problems from the Bottom up: Successful Social Movements. Boston: Pearson, 2007. Print. Social Movement. N. p. , 2 Apr. 2008. Web. 13 Apr. 2010. .

The novel Good Faith and the movie Glengarry Glen Ross

John Marshall and his influence on the supreme court essays

John Marshall and his influence on the supreme court essays John Marshall had a significant impact on the development of the Supreme Court during his term as Chief Justice. Many of the cases he worked on helped to define the Constitution, and also many laws. They set precedent for the Supreme Court laws and customs still followed today. However his obvious political conflict with Thomas Jefferson and the opinions of his colleagues regarding his court decisions caused him to be severely criticized throughout his judicial career. John Marshall was born to well educated parents in Prince William County, Virginia and was the oldest of fifteen children. In the American Revolution, he served as an officer from 1775-1781. Marshall served in the Virginia House of Delegates on and off from 1782-1790 and also from 1795-1796. President George Washington offered him several political positions, but unfortunately financial problems prevented him from accepting office in any of them. Before his days with the Supreme Court, Marshall served several terms in the state assembly and the executive council. He also helped to ratify the Constitution and was involved in the infamous XYZ Affair. After his work with the XYZ Affair, John Marshall had gained immense popularity and also the sufficient funds to pay off his mortgage debt. He served in political offices until he went to the Supreme Court. Shortly after declining a nomination from President John Adams in 1800 for Secretary of War, Marshall agreed to become Secretary of State. The next year he was chosen by President Adams to become Chief Justice on January 20, 1801. This was undoubtedly the most important presidential act of President John Adams, given the incredible imprint left by Marshall on the American Supreme Court. Ironically, his first act as Chief Justice was administering the presidential oath to Thomas Jefferson, who was his political rival as well as his cousin. However, President Jefferson did experience feelings of relief at the fact ...

Chart of Accounts for Health Care Organizations Essay

Chart of Accounts for Health Care Organizations - Essay Example A number of healthcare services including hospice, emergency care, outpatient surgeries, long-term home care, pharmacies and rehabilitation services among many others. Formed through a merger of Samaritan Health System and Lutheran Health Systems in 1999, the company has grown rapidly and currently boasts of assets worth $6.4 Billion (Piland, Glass & Center for Research in Ambulatory Health Care Administration, 1999). Banner Health has an efficient structure that has continued to portray its readiness to face the dynamic nature of the industry. The network continues to position itself strategically in the provision of healthcare services thereby making itself ready to offer its services in the next decade. Key among such strategies is the expansion of its network coupled with its diversification plan. As explained earlier, the company has expanded from Phoenix in Arizona to have more than twenty outlets in several other states. Such is an effective strategy the network employs in ens uring that it reaches as many Americans as possible. Health care is a basic need in any economy; the company, therefore, grows its network thereby enhancing the accessibility of its services throughout the nation. The same is the case with the diversification of the network. Banner Health offers a number of services including pharmacy, hospice, rehabilitation services, laboratory services and hospital care among many others. Demand for health care services is dynamic given the changing lifestyle in the contemporary society. The next decade promises further changes a feature that requires the services providers to streamline their capabilities. Banner health portrays the dynamism capable of handling the demands for health care service in the future. Emergency services are vital in ensuring that the company handles the demand for emergency services. The same is the case with hospice and home care among the many other services.

The American Frontier Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The American Frontier - Assignment Example These settlers and the Native Americans were mythologized in terms of their cultures and economic activities. In this mythological era, the white settlers got two opportunities; to practice slavery and extend their ranches and farm lands. Most Southerners were whites who had settled earlier to cultivate land and mine precious metals for economic gains. Historical studies reveal that the Southerners created a myth which justified that the uncivilized black slaves were meant to labor for the white planters since the white communities catered for the needs of the so-called inferior beings. In addition, they claimed that both societies lived happily and in an orderly manner since everyone knew their social positions in the community. With the aid of this myth, the white settlers had the opportunity to exploit the cheap slave labour and exercise powers over the blacks (Slatta, 2010). Another prominent mythological belief is that the ranchers needed to secure large tracts of land in order to pursue their livelihood. The myth justified that the extensive tracts of land were to be made available for commercial farming for the ranchers. They claimed that the produce from the ranches supported them and the loyal black slaves, as well. Most arguments made by the mythologized settlers were based on the ideology that as far as they are benefiting in the New World, no law was to be made to remove such benefits. Some of the beliefs about ranching may include; ranchers would protect the land, livestock benefits the wildlife, public lands support the rancher, rangeland would stay healthy if were grazed, and more (Slatta, 2010). In other words, the ranchers didn’t consider the environmental impact of extending ranches such as imbalance of the ecosystems and climatic changes. Instead, they used that opportunity to enrich themselves with many herds of cattle at the expe nse of environment. As stated earlier, the closing of the American

Essay question about documentary film Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Question about documentary film - Essay Example Establishing the truth was not the purpose. Capturing the Friedmans was shown as realistic and transparent In what ways does Jarecki’s representation of the â€Å"documentary impulse† reverberate with Tom Gunning’s definition? (agree) Jarecki's creating a document from a group of facts corresponds with Gunn's definition. Jarecki's document doesn't show his viewer many direct facts other than lawyer repeating Mr Friedman's confession once he is in prison of getting "excited being by the four year old". We are witness to the young man who said he was hypnotized before confessing. In both men's definition, the viewer is the onlooker. In discretionary moments were displayed but they were explained verbally. It is difficult to believe that the rest of the family knew nothing was going on for so many years. There were moments of high emotions with some embarrassment. What does Capturing the Friedmans tell us about documentary impulses that Gunning doesn’t? (diff erent) Capturing the Friedmans was a soul searching verbal diary of one boy of the video history of he and his family while growing up. There was no visible proof in the film of any in discretionary acts. Facts can be created or implied from a set of videos, and then later proved otherwise. There were no actual facts which came from the documentary impulse of Jarecki.

Indivdual Differences In Pain Tolerance Psychology Essay

Indivdual Differences In Pain Tolerance Psychology Essay It is generally agreed that the perception of pain does not only depend on the noxious input, but also on a variety of psychological variables including an individuals emotional state. The amygdala is one area of the brain linked with the regulation of both emotion and pain (Lapate, Lee, Salomons, van Reekum, Grieschar Davidson, 2012). This region has also been implicated in trait aggression and the act of cursing. The current study aimed to expand on previous work looking into the hypoalgesic effect of swearing on pain (Stephens, Atkins and Kingston, 2009; Stephens Umland 2011) whilst also examining the role of trait aggression and gender. Participants consisted of 50 students from the University of Central Lancashire. They took part in two cold pressor task trials whilst either cursing or repeating the word chair. They also completed the Trait Aggression Questionnaire (Buss Perry, 1992). Physiological readings of heart rate and systolic/diastolic blood pressure were taken along with cold pressor latency. It was found that swearing had no impact on pain tolerance and there were no differences in physiological reading between any of the conditions. However, the results showed that both males and females who scored high on the trait aggression questionnaire could withstand the cold pressor task for longer than those low in trait aggression. Males also lasted longer on the cold pressor task than females across both the swearing and non-swearing conditions. The lack of findings with regards to swearing could be due to the manner in which participants were asked to curse. Despite this, the findings do support the idea that individual differences need to be taken into account when studying pain and when dealing with pain in the clinical population. Physical pain has been subject to vast amounts of research across various disciplines. From an evolutionary point of view, pain serves an important purpose. For example, it motivates action to escape or avoid noxious stimuli (Ploghaus, Tracey, Gati, Clare, Menon, Matthews, Nicholas Rawlins, 1999). The more that is discovered about the physiological and psychological processes involved in the perception of pain, the more complex it has become (Ogden, 2007). Traditionally, the main body of research into pain has been on the pharmacological control of pain and has been focused on the spinal cord processes of pain relief. As more is being learnt about the different types of pain modality systems it is becoming clearer that pharmacology is not the only way to manipulate these mechanisms (Villemure Bushnell, 2002). More recent evidence has been provided using neuroimaging as a means to further explore these mechanisms. Functional neuroimaging has shown that certain areas of the brain are activated when pain is experienced. These include the thalamus, somatosensory and prefrontal cortices and the anterior cingulate cortex (Ploghaus et al, 1999). However, recent research on pain has focussed more on the role that emotions play in pain regulation. The current view is of pain is much more multidimensional. This means the perception of pain does not necessarily depend on the level of noxious input; rather it is heavily influenced by many psychological variables (Wiech Tracey, 2009). The emotional dimension of pain is further supported by findings that show a large percentage of neurons in the medial thalamus that respond to noxious stimuli applied directly to the skin are changeable depending on the motivational and affective state of the animal (Price, 2002 cited in Wickens, 2009). Therefore it is necessary to study other areas of the brain in relation to pain. More and more research is showing that the amygdala may play an important role in the integration of affective regulation and pain perception (Lapate, Lee, Salomons, van Reekum, Grieschar Davidson, 2012). Using a combination of behavioural, physiological and neuroimaging methods (Lapate et al. (2012) demonstrated that both pain and emotion regulation are reflected in amygdala function. Other recent studies have also focused on the influence emotions have on pain. For example, Godinho,  Magnin,  Frot,  Perche   Garcia-Larrea (2006) demonstrated that empathy with other peoples suffering increased a participants own reported pain intensity. In addition, De Wied and Verbaten (2001) conducted a study looking at the effect positive and negative pictures would have on participants pain tolerance. They found that participants viewing the positive pictures prior to the task could withstand pain for longer than participants viewing the negative pictures before the task. With regards t o negative emotions it has been found that inducing anger or sadness (Rainville, Bao Chrà ©tien, 2005) or a depressed mood (Berna, Leknes, Holmes, Edwards, Goodwin Tracey, 2010) in healthy participants increases pain intensity and leads to individuals rating pain as more unpleasant than if these negative emotions had not been induced. Given that emotions are linked to the effects of pain, research has also explored the role they play in its regulation. For example recent research has looked at the effects of swearing on pain tolerance. The use of taboo words, or swearing, is a prominent yet understudied part of human language (Van Lancker Cummings, 1999) which is used across all cultures (Pinker, 2007). Swearing can be used as a means to express emotion, particularly negative. The primary meanings of offensive words are connotative (Jay Janschewitz, 2008) rather than denotative meaning they have an emotional feeling distinct from the actual meaning of the word. As soon as a child learns to speak, they learn to curse. Children learn that cursing is a form of coping with stress and it has been hypothesised that being punished for cursing as a child can lead to the words holding a negative emotional connotation for the user (Jay, King Duncan, 2006). Therefore it is important to explore how swear words effect emotions compared to normal language. It has been suggested that the connotations and denotations of words are actually processed and stored in different parts of the brain, with denotation being primarily dealt with in the neocortex of the left hemisphere and connotation being processed across connections between the neocortex and the limbic system in the right hemisphere (Pinker, 2007). Interestingly it appears that the neuropathology of swearing is distinct from the main language areas of the brain. This can be seen in cases of severely aphasic patients where cursing is done with almost perfect articulation in comparison to the patients disabilities in other areas of language and speech (Van Lancker Cummings, 1999). It has also been found that for patients suffering from coprolalia (the obscene linguistic outbursts of Gilles de la Tourettes syndrome) the symptoms are the same (although culturally specific taboos) in different languages which is evidence to support the act of cursing as having a neurobiological basis (Pinker, 2007). The amygdala has also been implicated in swearing with neuroimaging studies showing increased activation in this area of the brain on hearing/saying taboo words (Jay, 2000). However, despite swearing being common in both clinical and non-clinical populations, it is a relatively neglected area of study. This may be due partly to a universal negative reaction to profanity (Van Lancker Cummings, 1999). In particular it is surprising that swearing as a response to pain has received such little attention in the scientific community. To date there appears to be only two studies in the area of swearing as a response to pain, both of which were conducted by Dr Richard Stephens (Stephens, Atkins and Kingston, 2009Stephens, et al. 2009; Stephens Umland 2011).In the first of these studies Stephens et al. (2009) looked at swearing as a response to pain by asking participants to submerge their hand in freezing cold ice water (the cold pressor task). They hypothesised that swearing would be a maladaptive response to pain. In total 67 participants took part in a swearing and non-swearing trial. In the swearing trial they were asked to repeat a swear word they would use if in pain and in the non-swearing trial they were asked what word they could use for a table. Stephens took heart rate readings as well as using a perceived pain scale. In this study he found that swearing increased cold pressor latency (i.e. the time that they could keep their hand in the ice water), lowered pain perception and was accompanied by an incr eased heart rate. The increased heart rate is indicative of sympathetic nervous system activation, or the fight or flight response. As this study included both male and female participants the element of gender based differences in pain tolerance had to be considered. While this is a physical difference, the emotional effect of swearing for males compared to females could affect pain tolerance. The main gender difference with regard to pain tolerance found in Stephens et al.s (2009) study was that males could withstand the cold pressor task for longer than females. Women have been found to show greater sensitivity to experimentally induceds pain than men (Riley, Robinson, Wise, Myers Fillingim, 1998) although a review of studies conducted over the past ten years looking at pain and gender suggests that pain tolerance is the only measure in which there is significant difference between males and females during the cold pressor task (Racinea, Tousignant-La ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ammec, Kloda, Dione, Dupuis Choinià ¨re, 2012). Other gender differences in the study by Stephens et al. (2009) were observed with females having a greater reduction in perceived pain and a greater increase in heart rate during the swearing condition. This could be due to gender differences in swearing. For example, it has been found that females perceive more power in swear words than males (Dewaele, 2004). It has also been found that although swearing frequency is similar across both genders, males tend to be more offensive than females (Jay Janschewitz, 2008). There have also been inconsistent results in studies looking at physiological responses to pain in men and women. Maixner and Humphrey (1993) found that women responded to pain with an increased heart rate, as shown in Stephens et al. (2009), and men responded to pain with an increase in blood pressure. However a more recent study conducted by alAbsi, Peterson and Wittmers (2002) found a relationship between blood pressure and pain perception only amongst their female participants whilst other studies have found no evidence of gender differences when looking at the blood pressure/pain relationship (Helfer McCubbin, 2001; Poudevigne, OConner Pasley, 2002). These gender differences could go some way to explain why swearing has the different effects on pain perception and physiological responses.In a second study conducted by Ste phens Umland (2011) replicated earlier findings in a second study on 71 participants. , most of the results from the first study were replicated. Participants were able to keep their hand in the cold water for longer if they were swearing, and heart rate was also increased. With regards toHowever, when they looked at gender differences they found males lasted longer during the cold pressor task than females as before but this time there was no dramatic change in heart rate for the female participants. One possible reason for swearing being an effective response to pain is that it could activate part of the brain known as the Rage Circuit. This is an evolutionary response in mammals which goes from part of the amygdala, through the hypothalamus then into the midbrain. It is like a sudden reflex response to pain or frustration. When this happens the rage circuit triggers the parts of the brain connected with negative emotion including words with a strong emotional connotation such as swearing (Pinker, 2007). Indeed, Stephens et al. (2009) suggested that swearing may be effective due to it inducing a negative emotion despite previous research suggesting that negative emotion actually decreases pain tolerance and increases pain perception (Berna et al., 2010; De Wied Verbaten, 2001; Rainville et al., 2005). It should be noted however that such research tends to consider the emotional state prior to the experience of pain rather than the emotional response to noxious stimuli (Rainvil le, Bao Chrà ©tien, 2005). Another explanation for the hypoalgesic effect of swearing could be the role of the amygdala in the fight or flight response. The central nucleus of the pathway projects to the hypothalamus which then triggers the sympathetic nervous system resulting in the fight or flight response of raised heart rate and blood pressure (Wickens, 2009). This response can be activated by a number of different stimuli; including pain and can increase pain tolerance and decrease the perception of pain. Further activation of the amygdala, such as through swearing, may increase physiological reactions further resulting in this mechanism being even more effective against pain. Negative emotions such as anxiety and depression have received a lot of attention in the field of pain research. It is becoming apparent that other negative emotions, such as anger, fear and aggression may also be involved in the perception of pain (Quartana, Bounds, Yoon, Goodin Burns, 2010). Aggression is one of the negative emotions that have been suggested to be linked to swearing (Stephens Umland, 2011). Many studies have been conducted in the past on whether pain elicits aggression, but there has been little research into whether aggression as a trait has an effect on pain tolerance and pain perception. In a study conducted by Seguin, Pihl, Boulerice, Tremblay Harden (1996) adolescent boys were asked to take part in a pain tolerance task assessed via finger pressure pain. Trait aggression was recorded as stable, unstable or no history. The results suggested that boys classed as unstable aggressors displayed the lowest pain tolerance, whereas boys classed as stable aggressors displayed the highest pain tolerance. Another study found that male participants who displayed higher levels and frequency of aggression could endure longer periods of pain compared to males with lower levels of aggression (Niel, Hunnicut-Ferguson, Reidy, Martines Zeichner, 2007). This seems to suggest that aggression does, in some way, play a role in pain tolerance. The main issue arising from these studies is that they only included male participants. A more recent study looking at a sample of both males and females found no significant relationship between pain tolerance and trait aggression once the mens conformity to a masculine gender role had been controlled for (Reidy, Dimmick, MacDonald, Zeichner, 2009). These conflicting results highlight the need for further research into the role of trait aggression in the experience of pain alongside the effects of swearing and including both male and female participants. The amygdala has already been mentioned in connection with pain modulation, swearing and emotion however it has also been linked with trait aggression. In a recent study 20 volunteers underwent brain scans which revealed a significant negative correlation between trait aggression and amygdala volume (Matthies, Rusch, Weber, Lieb, Phillipsen, Tuescher et al., 2012). Due to this and the previous inconclusive research into the role of trait aggression and pain, a high/low trait aggression condition will be included in the current study to see if there is any interaction between trait aggression and swearing during the cold pressor task. The main aim of the current study is to try and replicate the results found by Stephens et al. (2009; 2011). A cold pressor task will be used as the noxious stimuli with swearing, gender and trait aggression being compared with regards to cold pressor latency. Heart rate will be recorded as in Stephens et al. (2009; 2011) but the current study will also record systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These physiological responses were not measured in the original studies on swearing and pain and would provide more evidence that the sympathetic nervous system is activated to a greater degree whilst swearing as well as giving more insight into the blood pressure and pain relationship (Helfer McCubbin, 2001; Poudevigne, OConner Pasley, 2002). Based on previous research several hypotheses were generated. In line with the findings of Stephens et al. (2009; 2011) it is hypothesised that cold pressor latency will be longer in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition for males and females. It is also expected that physiological responses (systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate) will be higher in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition. Additionally, males are expected to withstand the noxious stimulus (cold pressor task) for longer than females across the swearing and non-swearing conditions. In line with Stephens et al. (2009), but not Stephens Umland (2011) it is hypothesised that females will display a greater increase in heart rate (and therefore systolic and diastolic blood pressure) in the swearing condition in comparison to the males. HypothesisIn line with Stephens et al., (2009; 2011):Cold pressor latency will be longer in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition for males and females.Systolic blood pressure will be higher in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition for males and females.Diastolic blood pressure will be higher in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition for males and females.Heart rate will be higher in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition for males and females.Overall males will withstand the noxious stimulus (cold pressor task) for longer than females across the swearing and the non-swearing conditions.In line with Stephens et al., (2009), but not Stephens Umland (2011):Females will display a greater increase in heart rate (and therefore systolic and diastolic blood pressure) in the swearing condition in comparison to the males.Due to the inconclusive research into the role of trait aggression and pain tol erance no specific hypothesis will be generated for this variable. Instead it will be examined whether trait aggression will have any effect on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and cold pressor latency across the swearing and non-swearing conditions and also whether there are any gender differences. METHOD DESIGN A 2 x 2 x 2 mixed subjects design was employed for this study. The between subjects factors were gender (male/female) and trait aggression (high/low). The within factor was swearing with all participants taking part in both the swearing and the non-swearing condition. The order of conditions (swearing/non-swearing) was counterbalanced for each participant. The dependent variables measured were systolic blood pressure (mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), heart rate (BPM) and cold pressor latency (length of time participants kept their hand in the cold water in seconds). The cold pressor task was employed as the painful stimulus. To avoid demand effects participants were not informed of the true nature of the task until they were debriefed. PARTICIPANTS The participants consisted of 50 students attending various courses at the University of Central Lancashire. They were recruited using both opportunity sampling and through the research participation pool where students receive credit for taking part in research. Participation was entirely voluntary. There were 25 females and 25 males with ages ranging from 18 to 44 years. Mean age was 23.4 years (SD = 5.71). Participants were screened for existing heart conditions, high/low blood pressure and circulatory problems. No participants were excluded from the study on the basis of this screening. MATERIALS Prior to taking part in the study, participants were given a brief sheet (see Appendix 1 for brief) and screened using a health screening questionnaire provided by the University of Central Lancashire (see Appendix 2 for Health Screening Questionnaire). For the Cold Pressor Task a bucket filled with a mixture of cold water and ice was used. Prior to each task a thermometer was used to check the temperature was 0 °C. For baseline readings and between tasks a bucket containing room temperature water (25  °C) was used. Physiological readings were obtained using a LifeSource ® UA-767 Plus machine which measures both blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and heart rate. Trait aggression was measured using a trait aggression questionnaire (Buss Perry, 1992). This questionnaire consists of 29 items which participants rank on a likert scale of one to five with one being not at all like you and five being completely like you. Examples of statements are; Once in a while I cant control the urge to strike another person and I tell my friends openly when I disagree with them. Within the questionnaire are four subscales which measure verbal aggression, physical aggression, hostility and anger. For the purposes of this study the overall trait aggression score was used where a higher score on the questionnaire equals a higher level of trait aggression. The questionnaire has been shown to have good internal consistency (ÃŽÂ ± = .89) as well as test-retest reliability (r = .80; Buss Perry, 1992). (See Appendix 3 for Trait Aggression Questionnaire). After completing the aggression questionnaire participants were made fully aware of the nature of the study th rough the debrief (see Appendix 4 for debrief). PROCEDURE For the task students individually attended a research laboratory on campus at the University of Central Lancashire. They were informed that the study would be looking into physiological responses to the cold pressor task and asked to complete a health screening questionnaire. Following this participants were asked to make themselves comfortable whilst the blood pressure/heart rate cuff was placed around their non-dominant arm before submerging their dominant hand up to the wrist in a bucket of room temperature water for three minutes. At the end of the three minutes a baseline blood pressure and heart rate reading were recorded. Participants were then asked for what swear word they would use if they were to bang their thumb with a hammer and also what word they would use to describe a chair. Whilst repeating their chosen word for either cursing or chair, participants submerged their dominant hand in the cold water. They were given the instruction to keep their hand in the water unti l it became too uncomfortable or painful. A time limit of three minutes was imposed due to safety reasons and 11 participants reached the limit in one or both conditions. During the task, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded every 30 seconds. Once they removed their hand they were asked to submerge it back in the bucket of room temperature water for three minutes. Following this participants were asked to repeat the initial cold pressor task, this time repeating the chosen word not used in the first condition. Order of conditions was counter-balanced for all participants. Following both cold pressor tasks participants were asked to complete the aggression questionnaire before being fully debriefed. The trait aggression questionnaires were scored and then a median split performed. Possible trait aggression scores range from 29 145. Participants in this study scored from 49 113 with a median of 69.5. Trait aggression was then split into high or low, with high being equal to, or more than 69.5, (n25) and low being less than 69.5 (n25). The research was conducted with the approval of the ethics committee at the University of Central Lancashire The research was conducted with the approval of the ethics committee at the University of Central LancashireRESULTS For the purpose of analysis, averages were taken of the systolic, diastolic and heart rate readings for male and female participants with high and low trait aggression in each condition (swearing/non-swearing). Cold pressor latency was recorded in seconds. the trait aggression questionnaires were scored and then a median split performed. Possible trait aggression scores range from 29 145. Participants in this study scored from 49 113 with a median of 69.5. Trait aggression was then split into high or low, with high being equal to, or more than 69.5, (n25) and low being less than 69.5 (n25). (For raw data refer to Appendix 5) The effects of swearing/aggression on systolic blood pressure during the cold pressor task Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) was recorded during the cold pressor task. Table 1 shows the means and standard deviations of systolic blood pressure during the swearing and non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males and females. Table 1: Means (and standard deviations) of Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) across swearing/non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males/females. HIGH AGGRESSION LOW AGGRESSION TOTAL SWEARING MALE 125.24 (20.95) 129.21 (16.05) 127.15 (18.48) FEMALE 123.31 (12.45) 119.81 (11.65) 121.49 (11.92) TOTAL 124.31 (17.07) 124.32 (14.45) 124.32 (11.92) NON SWEARING MALE 121.45 (16.46) 129.48 (19.54) 125.30 (18.09) FEMALE 119.33 (13.77) 116.44 (11.28) 117.82 (12.36) TOTAL 120.43 (14.95) 122.70 (16.82) 121.56 (15.79) A 2 (trait aggression: high/low) x 2 (gender: male/female) x 2 (swearing/non-swearing) mixed subjects factorial ANOVA revealed no significant main effect of swearing condition on systolic blood pressure (F(1,46) = 1.57, p = 0.217, Eta ² = 0.033). There was a non-significant main effect of gender (F(1,46) = 2.95, p = 0.093, Eta ² = 0.060) and a non-significant main effect of trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.13, p = 0.718, Eta ² = 0.003). In addition, the interaction between swearing and trait aggression showed no significance (F(1,46) = 0.29, p = 0.593, Eta ² = 0.006). The interaction between swearing and gender was non-significant (F(1,46) = 0.19, p = 0.662, Eta ² = 0.004) as was the interaction between gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 1.42, p = 0.240, Eta ² = 0.030). Overall there was no significant 3-way interaction between swearing, gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.16, p = 0.691, Eta ² = 0.003). (For analysis output on systolic blood pressure see Appendix 6). The Effect of swearing/aggression on diastolic blood pressure during the cold pressor task Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) was recorded during the cold pressor task. Table 2 shows the means and standard deviations of diastolic blood pressure during the swearing and non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males and females. Table 2: Means (and standard deviations) of Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) across swearing/non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males/females. HIGH AGGRESSION LOW AGGRESSION TOTAL SWEARING MALE 78.73 (17.66) 87.37 (12.75) 82.88 (15.81) FEMALE 85.63 (9.85) 79.50 (16.37) 82.44 (13.72) TOTAL 82.04 (14.58) 83.28 (14.99) 82.66 (14.65) NON SWEARING MALE 80.56 (13.05) 86.24 (13.05) 82.88 (15.81) FEMALE 85.21 (8.81) 85.74 (10.06) 85.49 (9.29) TOTAL 82.79 (11.24) 85.98 (11.78) 84.39 (11.51) A 2 (trait aggression: high/low) x 2 (gender: male/female) x 2 (swearing/non-swearing) mixed subjects factorial ANOVA revealed no significant main effect of swearing condition on diastolic blood pressure (F(1,46) = 0.65, p = 0.425, Eta ² = 0.014). There was a non-significant main effect of gender (F(1,46) = 0.07, p = 0.801, Eta ² = 0.001) and a non-significant main effect of trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.48, p = 0.491, Eta ² = 0.010). In addition the interaction between swearing and trait aggression showed no significance (F(1,46) = 0.21, p = 0.651, Eta ² = 0.004). The interaction between swearing and gender was non-significant (F(1,46) = 0.40, p = 0.531, Eta ² = 0.009) as was the interaction between gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 2.51, p = 0.120, Eta ² = 0.030). Overall there was no significant 3-way interaction between swearing, gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 1.41, p = 0.241, Eta ² = 0.030). (For analysis output on diastolic blood pressure see Appendix 7). The Effect of swearing/aggression on heart rate during the cold pressor task Heart rate (BPM) was recorded during the cold pressor task. Table 3 shows the means and standard deviations of heart rate during the swearing and non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males and females. Table 3: Means (and standard deviations) of heart rate (bpm) across swearing/non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males/females. HIGH AGGRESSION LOW AGGRESSION TOTAL SWEARING MALE 83.79 (11.45) 81.93 (15.86) 82.90 (13.48) FEMALE 92.10 (16.79) 87.34 (16.14) 86.92 (16.29) TOTAL 87.78 (14.59) 84.74 (15.91) 86.26 (15.19) NON SWEARING MALE 84.57 (20.16) 84.91 (16.13) 84.73 (17.96) FEMALE 89.88 (12.40) 85.17 (16.42) 87.43 (14.53) TOTAL 87.12 (16.76) 85.04 (15.94) 86.08 (16.22) A 2 (trait aggression: high/low) x 2 (gender: male/female) x 2 (swearing/non-swearing) mixed subjects factorial ANOVA revealed no significant main effect of swearing condition on heart rate (F(1,46) = 0.01, p = 0.934, Eta ² = .000). There was a non-significant main effect of gender (F(1,46) = 1.40, p = 0.243, Eta ² = 0.030) and a non-significant main effect of trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.46, p = 0.503, Eta ² = 0.010). In addition the interaction between swearing and trait aggression showed no significance (F(1,46) = 0.09, p = 0.770, Eta ² = 0.002). The interaction between swearing and gender was non-significant (F(1,46) = 1.14, p = 0.292, Eta ² = 0.024) as was the interaction between gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.24, p = 0.628, Eta ² = 0.005). Overall there was no significant 3-way interaction between swearing, gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.08, p = 0.780, Eta ² = 0.002). (For analysis output on heart rate see Appendix 8). The Effect of swearing/aggression on cold pressor latency during the cold pressor task Cold pressor latency (the length of time participants kept their hand in the ice water) was recorded in seconds. Table 4 shows the means and standard deviations of cold pressor

Critical Analysis of Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom Essay

Critical Analysis of Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom Tuesdays with Morrie, written by Mitch Albom, is a story of the love between a man and his college professor, Morrie Schwartz. This true story captures the compassion and wisdom of a man who only knew good in his heart and lived his life to the fullest up until the very last breath of his happily fulfilled life. When Mitch learned of Morrie’s illness, the began the last class of Morrie’s life together and together tried to uncover â€Å"The Meaning of Life.† These meetings included discussions on everything from the world when you enter it to the world when you say goodbye. Morrie Schwartz was a man of great wisdom who loved and enjoyed to see and experience simplicity in life, something beyond life’s most challenging and unanswered mysteries. Morrie was a one of a kind teacher who taught Mitch about the most important thing anyone can ever learn: life. He taught Mitch about his culture, about trust, and perhaps most importantly, about how to live. One lesson Morrie teaches Mitch is about the view his culture has and how we, not only Mitch but also the rest of the world, should not believe what they say. Morrie tells Mitch: â€Å"Take my condition. The things I am supposed to be embarrassed about now — not being able to walk, not being able to wipe my ass, waking up some mornings wanting to cry — there is nothing innately embarrassing about them. It's the same for women not being thin enough, or men not being rich enough. It's just what our culture would have you believe. Don't believe it.† Morrie speaks these words of advice to Mitch during their eleventh Tuesday together, when they talk specifically about culture. Gradually, Morrie has come to accept his physical handicaps, just as he has come to accept his impending death. He complains that the culture is wrong to deem natural physical need as socially embarrassing, and thus he refuses to believe that his handicaps are shameful. In rejecting the values of the popular culture, Morrie creates his own set of customs, which accommodate the physical shortcomings popular culture finds disgraceful and embarrassing. As Morrie sees it, popular culture is a dictator under which the human community must suffer. He has already suffered enough from his disease, and does not see why he ... ...s that one must accept the possibility of one's own death before he can truly appreciate what he has on earth, as the sobering awareness that one day, it will all be out of reach, prompts the urge to appreciate and value what one can have only for a limited period of time, and to use every moment of that time doing something that one will not regret when the bird sings its last note. Morrie’s messages about life in this book were not solely directed fro Mitch; they are meant for anyone who is willing to take the time to listen. For me, there is not only one thing I learned from Morrie. I learned that I should not take life for granted because you never know when it will be over. Even though I have heard it many times I never really believed that what the media says is not necessarily true, until I read this book. Finally, I learned that love and compassion, not only for others, but also for oneself are essential in living a happy life. It does not matter if someone is rich, or if they are poor for that matter. The truth is that as long as you lived your life as best you could, you learned from your mistakes, and you are happy with yourself, then you lead a fulfilling life. Critical Analysis of Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom Essay Critical Analysis of Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom Tuesdays with Morrie, written by Mitch Albom, is a story of the love between a man and his college professor, Morrie Schwartz. This true story captures the compassion and wisdom of a man who only knew good in his heart and lived his life to the fullest up until the very last breath of his happily fulfilled life. When Mitch learned of Morrie’s illness, the began the last class of Morrie’s life together and together tried to uncover â€Å"The Meaning of Life.† These meetings included discussions on everything from the world when you enter it to the world when you say goodbye. Morrie Schwartz was a man of great wisdom who loved and enjoyed to see and experience simplicity in life, something beyond life’s most challenging and unanswered mysteries. Morrie was a one of a kind teacher who taught Mitch about the most important thing anyone can ever learn: life. He taught Mitch about his culture, about trust, and perhaps most importantly, about how to live. One lesson Morrie teaches Mitch is about the view his culture has and how we, not only Mitch but also the rest of the world, should not believe what they say. Morrie tells Mitch: â€Å"Take my condition. The things I am supposed to be embarrassed about now — not being able to walk, not being able to wipe my ass, waking up some mornings wanting to cry — there is nothing innately embarrassing about them. It's the same for women not being thin enough, or men not being rich enough. It's just what our culture would have you believe. Don't believe it.† Morrie speaks these words of advice to Mitch during their eleventh Tuesday together, when they talk specifically about culture. Gradually, Morrie has come to accept his physical handicaps, just as he has come to accept his impending death. He complains that the culture is wrong to deem natural physical need as socially embarrassing, and thus he refuses to believe that his handicaps are shameful. In rejecting the values of the popular culture, Morrie creates his own set of customs, which accommodate the physical shortcomings popular culture finds disgraceful and embarrassing. As Morrie sees it, popular culture is a dictator under which the human community must suffer. He has already suffered enough from his disease, and does not see why he ... ...s that one must accept the possibility of one's own death before he can truly appreciate what he has on earth, as the sobering awareness that one day, it will all be out of reach, prompts the urge to appreciate and value what one can have only for a limited period of time, and to use every moment of that time doing something that one will not regret when the bird sings its last note. Morrie’s messages about life in this book were not solely directed fro Mitch; they are meant for anyone who is willing to take the time to listen. For me, there is not only one thing I learned from Morrie. I learned that I should not take life for granted because you never know when it will be over. Even though I have heard it many times I never really believed that what the media says is not necessarily true, until I read this book. Finally, I learned that love and compassion, not only for others, but also for oneself are essential in living a happy life. It does not matter if someone is rich, or if they are poor for that matter. The truth is that as long as you lived your life as best you could, you learned from your mistakes, and you are happy with yourself, then you lead a fulfilling life.

Gagne’s Eight Distinctive Types of Learning

To complete this assignment, you will need to fill in the following boxes:1. In the first box you will identify one of Gagne’s Eight Distinctive Types of Learning. 2. In the next box you will provide a description of the Learning Type you identified. 3. In the last box you will discuss how this Learning Type does or does not apply to you and your learning. 4. Repeat steps until all Eight of Gagne’s Distinctive Types of Learning are identified, described, and discussed. Each description and discussion should be substantive and requires a minimum of 3 sentences per response.Save this document and type directly onto the document and into the boxes. The boxes will expand to accommodate what you write. Submit as an attachment to the appropriate drop box.Gagne’s Eight Distinctive Types of Learning Description of the Learning TypeDiscuss how this does or does not apply to you and your learning Signal learning(p.79)An individual learns to make a general, diffuse response to a signal. This is the classic conditioned response of Pavlov. Thus meaning an emotional response. (p.79) Signal learning does apply to me because I do more times than none respond in an emotional state. I respond in a way of how I am feeling at any given time. If I am upset, I would answer in a aggressive way.Stimulus-response learning (p.79)The learner acquires a precise response to a discriminated stimulus. What is learned is a connection Thorndike) or a discriminated operant (skinner), sometimes called an instrumental response (Kimble). This meaning, learning is voluntary controlled, it’s a desire. (p.79) Stimulus-response learning applies to me because I am always willing to learn. Life is all about learning new things and that’s why I am back in school because I need better in my life and the only way to get better is make choices to learn more. I  make the choices to learn.Chaining (p.79)What is acquired is a chain of two or more stimulus-response connectio ns. The conditions for such learning have been described by Skinner and others. It’s a linked sequence. (p.79) Chaining applies to my learning because you must get all the necessary information to help with the things you have learned in my life. Learning is like steps and some are linked together and others may not be. I learn the way that is best for me.Verbal association (p.79)Is the learning of chains that are verbal; Basically, the conditions resemble those for other (motor) chains. However, the presence of language in the human being makes this a special type because internal links may be selected from the individual’s previously learned repertoire of language. (p.79) Verbal association does not really pertain to me because I am more a hands on person. I like to see what I am learning instead of hearing it. I feel I learn better if I have an illustration to reference back to. Multiple discrimination (p.79)The individual learns to make different identifying respon ses to as many different stimuli, which may resemble each other in physical appearance to a greater or lesser degree. Responses to a series of similar stimuli that differ in a systematic way. (p.79) Multiple discrimination does not really apply to me because, if I’m understanding it right it would distract me with learning multiple things at the same time. I like to learn one thing then move on to the next so I don’t forget what I learned. Concept learning (p.79)The learner acquires a capability to make a common response to a class of stimuli that may differ from each other widely in physical appearance. He or she is able to make a response that identifies an entire class of objects or events. It forms the basic of the ability to generalize, classify. (p.79) Concept learning does apply to me, I am always wanting more out of learning. I feel developing and having the knowledge of many things is a great benefit  to have throughout life. Learning new skills is important . Principle learning (p.79)In simplest terms, a principle is a chain of two or more concepts. It functions to control behavior in the manner suggested by a verbalized rule of the form. â€Å"If A, then B,† which, of course, may also be learned as type 4. (p.79) Principle learning does apply to me because In my current job I just became supervisor of my shift. Principle learning allows me to know the rules are different, yet it still allows me to adapt to the all the rules and perform my job. Problem solving (p.79)Problem solving is a kind of learning that requires the internal events usually called thinking. Two or more previously acquired principles are somehow combined to produce a new capability that can be shown to depend on a â€Å"higher-order† principle. (p.79) Problem solving defiantly applies to me. I am a brain stormer and I like to have a set idea of what each situation will bring. I like to make sure each situation is resolved and taken care of in a timely manner. As a supervisor, problem solving is on my job description.