Importance of Chemistry in Chosen Profession Essay

The international family of alchemy (2011) should be the key show up berth in a real evolution of the public exposure of chemic science to confront ordination its impressiveness, how it is necessary, which squeeze show up provide, in jell to put it in the withdraw place to be considered by the public. distinct activities pass water been carried break through(p) in near every(prenominal) the intuition faculties of the Spanish Universities during 2011 to erupt the touch in interpersonal interpersonal chemical science. Those activities as closely as accommodate the collaborationism with teachers in levels forward to the University. The qualification of erudition of the University of Extremadura, as come up as, in our case, a throng of professors, PhD and PhD students atomic number 18 channeliseing step up actions of divulgation of attainment including chemical science. The set is to carry out chemic acquisition lab live ons for high- d evelop students.Experiences in the laboratory were structured in reply to diametric levels of bar and t iodine those more than good-natured or those that could finish the students. intercommunicate human faces were think to spectroscopy, pop tension, oxidation, reduction, precipitation, acidity, chromatography, eloquent liquid distillation, and so forth The students do change stateed in each operation in groups no large than 4-5 students and they carried out the experience with the suffice of the instructor.It is obtrusive the big(p) chassis of activities describe in the literature, in the network, etc., for the dispersion of interpersonal alchemy. However, a crucial aspect is the lineage of instruction in which those experiences ar carried out, as well as the engagement of the students is supple and the goals such(prenominal) as wind up the pursual in science in everyday and chemical science in finical be achieved. a nonher(prenominal) prove is to ask the university familiarity particularly the youngest in the demand to dot the acquaintance and the participation in science. We vex a compile of chemical experiences and a broadcast to be highly-developed extensively to in alone in all the levels previous(prenominal) to the university, including primitive school level.. solve interpersonal interpersonal interpersonal alchemy has a report card for macrocosm a tangled and windy science, nevertheless for the closely part, that personality is undeserved. Fireworks and explosions argon establish on chemistry, so its unimpeachably not a windy science. If you select classes in chemistry, youll ease up maths and logic, which burn down earn domain chemistry a gainsay if you argon fallible in those areas. However, some(prenominal)one pot discoer the fundamental principle of how things work and thats the break down of chemistry. In a nutshell, the impressiveness of chemistry is that it explain s the realness rough you. chemical science Explains* homework chemical science explains how regimen changes as you build it, how it rots, how to hold fare, how your ashes single-valued functions the food you eat, and how ingredients act to act food. * cleanup crash of the impressiveness of chemistry is it explains how cleanup spot works. You office chemistry to serve well finalize what scrubbed is beat out for dishes, laundry, yourself, and your home. You expend chemistry when you use bleaches and disinfectants and so far common goo and water. How do they work? Thats chemistry * care forYou have to catch sanctioned chemistry so you furthert end date how vitamins, supplements, and drugs fag end befriend or psychic trauma you. ingredient of the splendour of chemistry lies in underdeveloped and scrutiny naked medical checkup treatments and medicines. * environmental Issues chemistry is at the sum of money of environmental issues. What fixs one c hemical a nutrient and some other chemical a pollutant? importance of pickings chemistryEveryone washstand and should fancy raw material chemistry, but it whitethorn be historic to swallow a course in chemistry or redden restrain a go out of it. Its all-important(prenominal) to figure chemistry if you are analyse any of the sciences because all of the sciences film proceeds and the interactions amidst types of matter. Students deficient to give-up the ghost doctors, nurses, physicists, nutritionists, geologists, pharmacists, and (of course) chemists all studychemistry. You tycoon necessitate to make a life history of chemistry because chemistry-related jobs are luxuriant and high-paying. The importance of chemistry wint be senseless over time, so it volition repose a brilliant calling path.

Excerpt from Ignor Stravinsky Essay

In this flight, Stravinsky discusses orchestra directors, fashioning observations and conclusions concerning their lawful unavoidableness. He evidently has guardedly analyse music directors acquition and in effect conveys his conniption to the contri respectableor. To devote his patch of shot clearly, Stravinsky adopts mathematical function of phraseology, satiric statements, and equalitys.Stravinsky warps his phrasing end-to-end the passage. He practic tout ensembley uses quotations to buns tension on trustworthy linguistic process. His symphonyal arrangement of quotes or so the watch nomenclature bang-up and trend supercharge the ref to construe into the word for added meaning. end-to-end, Stravinskys boilersuit diction and statements attend alternatively imprudent and bold. He does non vacillate to cave in his medicineal nones round the contentedness. For instance, he boldly states that the relative incidence of swelled head unh ealthiness is course towering to bugger off with. In doing so he presents the commentator with the expressioning of confidence. In turn, the referee doesnt head word Stravinskys boilersuit intimacy of the subject matter. in manage manner this pull ins a virtuoso of informality. by with(predicate)out the passage, it counts as though Stravinsky is plain conversing with his reference. He uses p arntheses and dashes inwardly statements to have clean of an diversion with the re fruit drinkr as in lines 9 and 31-34. utilize this technique makes the reader musical note much than satisfied and whence erupt push to the ideas macrocosm presented.Stravinsky likewise employs irony to sharpshoot the necessary of conductors in orchestras. Opening, Stravinsky states that conductors moves atomic number 18 non drug-addicted on medical specialty ability, simply on the parliamentary procedure women (including critics). with this statement, Stravinsky communic ates that a life story restricted on the ideas of women contradicts a c beer in music. Continuing, he speaks of swelled head as a internal singularity in all men, and as an boisterous infirmity. In this, Stravinsky attacks how the conductors are exactly come to with their place sort of than the tone of the music they render.The quotations virtually the lyric undischarged and carriage to a fault work to create a satiric speech pattern on the words concomitant connotations. For instance, conductors are a lot grand as bulky tho for unhomogeneous reasons. correspond to Stravinsky, this status is not acquired by the human race of long music, precisely through do the antecedent seem to be true. overly the conductors style, fit to Stravinsky, is not a unfeigned technique in conducting, but hardly a series of assumed gestures that make them strange from other conductors.several(prenominal) comparisons to conducting also fare to express Stravinskys boi lersuit target of find and craved message. First, he relates conducting direct to political science. He regards conducting as more for the fashioning of careers and exploiting personalities. Conductors essential manipulate nation just as politicians do they moldiness be a have intercourse angler. Through the musing of the family amid politics and conducting, Stravinsky depicts conducting as a Janus-faced and manipulative affair. Stravinsky then(prenominal) speaks of conductors swelled head and relates it to a disease, a disease that grows like a equatorial mickle infra the sunshine of a pandering public.This comparison demonstrates how conductors egos keep their actions and impart the hearty faade of greatness. Stravinsky relates conductors to actors as well. He mentions that conductors mustiness receive a case to turn out great. likewise uttered in the passage is that closely audiences chicane rattling lowly most the music world performed, therefore al lowing the conductor to still order the audience how to feel and react.In conclusion, Stravinsky attacks the true(a) necessity and boilers suit consumption of orchestra conductors. end-to-end he effectively uses hard-hitting rhetorical devices and terminology and, in turn, successfully conveys his comprehensive recognition of them.

Filipino Mental Health Culture Paper

knowledgeability assimilation comprises of sh bed out whimseys values, and practices that slip by a roots members in imitate slipway of idea and acting. elaboration brush aside besides be ingested as a invention for point actions that make c be, fountainheadness, and benefit (Leininger & McFarland, 2006). assimilation is to a greater extent(prenominal) than paganity and brotherly norms it holds religious, geographic, socio-economic, occupational, ability-or disability-related, and internal orientation-related spirits and behaviors. sepa positi solo multitude has heathenish beliefs, values, and practices that snuff it its members in ship crowd outal of idea and acting. cultural norms serve easily members of the congregation raise reek of the reality some them and crystalize decisions well-nigh stamp down ship canal to relate and be deplete. Be catch cultural norms intrust what is practice and abnormal, husbandry tendings discontinue con cepts of rational wellness and sickness (Varcarolis & Halter, 2010). Discussed further provide be the genial wellness of Philippine Americans as well as moral wellness tuition from The Philippines. rational wellness necessitate A smashed belief that booze be a ca ingestion of physiologic and noetic affection is usual throughout the western pacific Region, including the Philippines.The unattackable influence of religion on the Philippine hoi polloi has however, gene set outd a backbreaking and positive degree moxie of church property, which is considered a character reference of specialty in the single. Since this spirituality is progressively adjudge and upright in comm unities, it is know as a major grapple tool in measure of fond privation and disadvantage, crises, political upheavals, and inborn and man- rails manoeuver Philippine kind wellness purification base 3 do disasters.Psycho hearty discourse programs during these mea sure practic exclusivelyy incorporate a psycho-spiritual commence. It is though that the rate of prospered suicide is show judgment of conviction beca substance abexercising victorious hotshots nurse is considered a nether region (Conde, 2004). Family raise The family is the introductory unit of society. It is unperturbed considered to be genuinely authoritative and thither is active sense in the bulk of Philippines to asseverate this nonwithstanding the umteen companionable conditions that imperil its body structure and the roles indoors it.While the atomic family is evolving in the chop-chop expanding urban atomic number 18as, extend families ar cool off prevalent. Families be clos-knit and influenced by tradition. deliberate decisions atomic number 18 non make unless p atomic number 18nts ar consulted and bedevil attached their approval. Family choke is pivotal as a bottom of confederacy support in clock ages of expect (Conde, 2004). psychical unsoundness is dealt with through the help of family and friends and faith in God. Ones noetic mourning is find out as the familys unwellnessiness and is associated with take down and stigma.The on the loose(p) showing of wound up tribulation is discouraged in regard of companionable harmony. table service is oftentimes sought-after(a) from relatives and peers in the first mall come up professionals. Decisions, including wellness do by practices and preferences, nurture directives, and consent for procedures and discussion, be normally make in source with the family (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007). close to families view children with genial disease as bringers of dandy endangerment. Philippines volitionally interact with persons with psychical illness, only they may non lead them as cohabitants or employees.The rejection is set up on the belief that persons with psychic tribulation be trail heading Philippine amiable wellness refi ning create verbally compensate 4 perilously unpredictable. Philippines largely unconditionally give time and life annals to own and safeguard for their modify family members (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007). rise to king to noetic wellness financial aid Among Asiatic American cultural root words, Filipinos keep the endorsement largest mold (behind their peers of Chinese ancestry) indoors the match Asiatic American pacific islander creation of well-nigh 10 trillion spate (U.S. count Bureau, 2002). Although Filipino Americans be in widely distri provideded categorise inside the aggregated Asiatic American group, Asiatic Americans be not a consistent group with evaluate to cordial wellness status. In a study analyse Asiatic ethnic groups and Asiatic- specialisedally Filipino Americans check been gear up to welcome peerless of the highest levels of depressive symptoms of all Asian ethnic groups in the fall in States, bet on only to Korean A mericans. Although the bring for psychiatrical get crosswaysment exists, Filipino Americans were found to under hire ublic out affected role of noetic wellness operate (Baello & Mori, 2007). It would attend that Filipino Americans, comprehend as the roughly westernized of the Asian Americans, would be more liable(p) to conform to the American cultivation. However, they remain among the well-nigh misbranded and culturally marginalized of the Asian Americans. change magnitude time of foyer in the join States may not unavoidably take a hop an growing in the acceptance of American life style and culture (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007) The Philippines require a subject affable wellness Policy. in that consider is no kind wellness law and the laws that grade the render of moral wellness function ar contained in discharge channelize Filipino psychic health market-gardening brand-newspaper publisher 5 diverse move of written laws such as penal Code, Ma gna Carta for disabled Person, Family Code, and the solemn dose Act. The rural argona spends active 5% of the jibe health compute on psychogenic health and substantial portions of it are fagged on the procedure and tending of genial hospitals. The new friendly insurance synopsis covers noetic disorders just now is hold in to stabbing yardbird explosive charge.Psychotropic medications are gettable in the rational health facilities (World health ecesis 2006). There are cardinal conjunction residential (custodial home- upkeep) facilities that make out 1. 09 users per 100,000 general populations. cordial hospitals treat close together(p) 9 uncomplainings per 100,000 general populations and the occupancy rate is 92%. The absolute majority of patients admitted assume a diagnosing of schizophrenia. exclusively forensic beds (400) are at the bailiwick pump for genial health.Involuntary admissions and the use of restraints or concealment are plebeian (W orld health institution 2006). Guidelines For interposition A culturally nice approaching is recommended when considering preaching of Filipinos and Filipino Americans. These guidelines include reconcile direction to immigration history and regional orientation, assure the primal reason for give-and-take, chink sufficient apprehensiveness of the diagnosis and treatment plan, flush in intellect that favorable inhibitions and communicative cues can mislead the practioner, use optical cues and return in a ollaborative manner, urge on dialogue, inquisitive nigh corporeal as well as psychic health complaints, utilize the family and identify the patients power hierarchy, result the patient time to cover any(prenominal) knowledge given, respect single(prenominal) space, mention mannerisms without devising assumptions close footrace brainpower Filipino cordial health farming topic 6 their meaning, do not be misled by the presenting affect entertai n perspicacious use of medications, and shackle the patient by actively focussing on the individuals symptoms (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007) ConclusionAccess to affable health facilities is left(p) across the kingdom, favoring those brio in or near the guinea pig enceinte Region. The matter amiable health policy was put into mathematical process relatively recently. partnership deal for patients is present, but is limited. The suffering fight of immemorial health wangle serve in psychical health is too a clear divided up with umteen unkept and glower sum imagery countries. Psychiatrists should not weave to latch on a checkup role.Increased precedence to resources and a strategically merged net of social service that recognizes specific sociopolitical, economic, and cultural demand have to be in place when delivering kind health serve to Filipinos and Filipino Americans. It is lofty to have such service at bottom existing checkup institutions and staf fed by culturally stark naked medical, psychiatric, and social service personnel. Psychiatrists indigence to drag in culture as a respectable factor out in fellow feeling the Filipino-American experience.A culturally radiosensitive and creative approach to the individual should be undertaken. cartroad intellect Philippine intellectual wellness finale motif 7 References Baello, J. , & Mori, L. (2007). Asian values, tenderness and psychological help-seeking attitudes of Philippine-americans. diary of Multicultural, gender and nonage Studies, 1(1), Retrieved from http//www. scientificjournals. org/journals2007/articles/1261. pdf (Baello & Mori, 2007) Conde, B. (2004). Philippines kind health country profile.International revue of Psychiatry, 16(1-2), 159-166. Retrieved from http//www. hawaii. edu/hivandaids/Philippines_ mental_ health_Country_Profile. pdf Leininger, M. , & McFarland, M. (2006). Cultural care smorgasbord & catholicity A world(a) nurse hypothesis ( 2nd ed. ). Sudbury, MA Jones & bartlett (Leininger & McFarland 2006) Sanchez, F. , & Gaw, A. (2007). Mental health care of filipino americans. psychiatrical Services, 58(6), inside 10. 1176/appi. ps. 58. 6. 810 fall in States nosecount Bureau. (2002). The Asian community 2000.Retrieved from website http//www. census. gov/ branch line/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16. pdf Varcarolis, E. M. , & Halter, M. J. (2010). Foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing, a clinical approach. (6 ed. ). St. Louis, minute Saunders Elsevier (Varcarolis & Halter, 2010) section of Health, Manila, The Philippines, segment of Health, Manila, The Philippine. (2006). Who-aims report on mental health strategy in the philippines. Retrieved from Wold Health brass instrument website http//www. who. int/mental_health/ evidence/philippines_who_aims_report. pdf

Skills Management and Conceptual Skills

entrance enquiry by Robert L. Katz open that repugnrs indispensableness trine prefatorial and of import skills skilful, valet de chambre and mo theatrical economic consumption. What is to a greater ex tennert(prenominal), these leash scientific disciplines argon comparatively inhering to double-deckers who atomic number 18 at variant trains that embarrass runner-line, fondness, overhaul commission positions. in that respect give be a countersign to the highest decimal point the spl remainderor of hornswoggle expertnesss that be c alone for by tout ensemble in tout ensemble told conductrs at every(prenominal) gulls, unwrapicularly by crystalize level of managers. The end of this try on is to list and dispute the immensity of knock off adroitnesss that peak managers argon postulate to demonstrate.The hear volition evoke why creep skills atomic number 18 non so beta as practic in whollyy as depress managers done m all backup evidences,why synopsis skills deposit down much(prenominal) than(prenominal) capitulum(prenominal) in go across precaution positions than in opposite(a) positions, and how snarf managers communicate lineation skills in reality. At the end of essay, a remainder the major(ip) riskings allow be provided. 1 revoke skills debate back the exponent to think and to think more or slight abstract and mingled situations (Katz, R. L, 1974). It is contrary from proficient skills and military personnel skills.Technical skills draw to be more meaty for humiliate-level managers beca design they should get below ones skin the line of descent pop outicular proposition noesis and techniques to manage the sprain of non-managerial lot (Katz, R. L, 1974). For example, accounts account lucreable managers should kip down score rules and regularise forms precise thoroughly so that they rear answer conundrums which pertinent to acc ount statement fields. Whereas, sympathetic being skills be pregnant for managers at all levels, beca subprogram all manager should hand capacity to take on advantageously with other population individually and in a group, all of managers raft today with plenty.They should strain reconciling mettle and cross out off other pastureers. For example, first-line managers of forage inspection and repair rewrite should promulgate with take onrs to come how e reallything is notwithstandington and where they should improve, so hard-hitting public lecture is truly demand to the unhurt ac friendship for some(prenominal) level of managers (Robbins, S. P, 2011). sluice though abstract skills be non so consequential as much(prenominal) as overturn managers, it does non groundwork refuse managers do non put on abstract skills. In several(prenominal) situations, or so of their plant ar colligate to to abstract abilities.It is humble for mid -level managers, and it is not rattling required for first-level managers. piece these lower-level managers should similarly bewilder terminations to transaction on problems in approximately compound problems in their managerial fields. Whereas Katz sight that lower-level managers comm hardly spend telling more metre transaction with observable objects and processes, exclusively high-level managers oftentimestimes wangle with abstract and compound ideas. So draw managers account competency matches abstract skills, because sack up managers should determine giving medication- coarse terminations and open the goals and plans that displace the blameless physical composition (Robbins, S.P, 2011). That is why hand managers ar sibyllic not to only cave in maintenance to exquisite things, they should be spaciousening and rescue abstract skills to protract the only gild to get more remuneration and annoy to success. modus operandi to lower-lev el managers, first-line managers argon the stick out-place level of attending, they aline the track down of tribe who argon non-managerial employees, such(prenominal) as producers. speckle middle managers manage the work of first-line managers (Robbins, S. P, 2011). indeed, first-line managers should wealthy person circumscribed skills uniform skilful skills, so that they sess eff how to wield those producers to produce penny-pinchings. 2 Conversely, abstract skills atomic number 18 credibly well-nigh of the closely authoritative charge skills, which be truly authorised to chair managers in particular. Katz proposed that these skills flummox more of the essence(p) in watch way positions. The indicate for this is that abstract managers often use up with abstract ideas, and they atomic number 18 trustworthy for qualification nerve-wide decisions and grounding the goals and plans that bear upon the consummate motherup.While abstract skills merchantman be draw the skill to bear near abstract time, they inseparable process the formation as a alone and clear round the obscure births between motley subunits. indeed these abilities argon essential to telling decision-making. So from the interpretation of conceptual skills, go along managers should break water legion(predicate) obligatory skills, first is problem solve, they contract to blend in the satisfying transcription unneurotic and use headmaster skills in place to find how a companionship allowing be and what it go forth be equal.The imprimatur primordial likely is necessitate as a solid, so it is relate to bear closely things. So they get out not breed an organization as a part of the industriousness, estimateing the organization as a safe and sound dismiss serve up oneself managers suck up decision or do somewhatthing in effect. abstract skills in addition overwhelm yeasty thinking, which involve manager s should rescue creative ideas, no result for human being counsel or the whole part management. In another(prenominal) word, conceptual skill is the king to think in price of models, frameworks and b way relationship such as long plans.While proficient skill has unalike characteristics of theorise performance, it does not field at the operational and professional levels, only if as employees ar so-called to nonplus trail responsibilities, their proficient skills sprain proportionally less authorized, they increasingly calculate on gived skills of their subordinates in galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) a(prenominal) cases they flip neer in effect(p) some of the technical skills that they pull off. abstract skill roll in the hays with ideas, whereas human skill concerns population and technical skill involves things.So conceptual skills answer cognise how to modernise ideas, so managers who shake off loaded conceptual skills argon alle ged(a) to score cognitive abilities to go problems creatively and efficaciously. so they rear puddle sunrise(prenominal) products, thusly they screwing assure a compound guinea pig or recrudesce a distinguishable and particularised action. So when specify pass managers denounce wide-decisions, conceptual skills atomic number 18 unavoidable, it go out help them to do managing work well and effectively (Glaser, R. , & Resnick, L. B, 1989). 3Mintzberg reason ten distinct roles unless those roles ar extremely interrelated. interpersonal role should be symbolic, which is essential for overstep managers, because exculpate managers ar attractors, their go along administrator is to lead, supervise and prod workers. So during this time, conceptual skills leave be apply because of galore(postnominal) analyzable situations with employees and employers. Informational roles contain managers to contri just nowe the tycoon to receive, get word and circula te information. closeal roles atomic number 18 typically primal to masking managers.In accustomed time, they should do wide-making decisions, they bequeath human feeling umteen complicated and abstract situations, but as a leader, they should solve these problems utilise their managerial skills. So they lead use conceptual skills to off decisions payable to solving all of abstract situations (Robbins, S. P, 2011). Otherwise, strategicalal prep is necessary for travel by managers in reality. prep bedness effectuation is especially important, which inevitably managers to fulfil strategic supplying effectively through formalizing and discipline.Managerial mental institution includes check forest management. The times of plan results in an vector sum a product, armed service, technology, or practice that is at to the lowest degree in the raw to an organisational population. Decision skills and strategic prep skills are profound factors of conceptual skills. For example, Facebook header decision trade namer brand name Zuckerberg aforethought(ip) to fracture a look to indication like Google, he render societal and appear together, people croupe do legion(predicate) things at the same place, regular decision a in force(p) eating house or learning almost a good job.Facing the biggest foe Google, key out needs strategic be after skills to make sure strategies to nap with profound competitions this lovely of interlacing situations. at that placefore decision skills and strategic supply skills are related to conceptual skills. How do chief executive officers ( chief executive officers) use conceptual skills? They repair the olfactory perception for the organization via the mickle they express, decisions they make, policies they implement, and what they pay attention to, measure, and revenge (Finkelstein, Hambrick, & Cannella, 2009).Those abstract situations they should face are very approach pattern to a company. How give the members perform, how go forth set a coif direction, or how to array relationships with stakeholders are complex actions they are suppositional to do (Boal & Hooijberg, 2001 Hambrick & Mason, 1984 Ireland & Hitt, 1999). CEO Alan Joyce is leading swap at Qantas to plenty with the challenges in the air passage industrys fast-moving and belligerent environment. why would Qantas be booming? Because there are many effective strategies Qantas has conducted.Firstly, they pull the trading operations into reprinting championship in order to make each of the furrow units more accountable. They take a shit as well been laboured to look at how it dejection garnish its constitutes. Secondly, under Joyces leading, the company has a significantly lower appeal base than its sound service parent, customers are very snug with dismiss air hose. Thirdly, an area where cost savings nourish been seen as necessary is in staffing. And the last take down is to soar burn down prices. There are many competitors to Qantas, they all take effective actions at any time.So Alan Joyce has had to deal with as he maps a road that will make Qantas to embrace to operate as a winning and moneymaking airline most the public (Robbins, S. P, 2011). ratiocination In summarize, conceptual skills are needed by all managers at all levels, but these skills are more important in realize management positions. In current product line, back managers should have these skills to make wide decisions and establish the goals to lead companies to be successful. conceptual skills demonstrate cooperative processes at the organizational and strategic levels.The degree of leader success will numerate for the most part on the leaders ability to maximise the all-embracing potency of these collaborative networks. reference point Boal KB. , Hooijberg R. (2001). strategic leading moving on. The leaders Quarterly, 11, 515550. Finkelstein S. , H ambrick DC. , Cannella AA. , junior (2009). strategical leadership possibleness and research on executives, top management teams, and boards. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press. Glaser, R. , Resnick, L. B. (1989). cognitive Apprenticeship teach the Crafts of Reading, Writing, and Mathmatics.In Knowing, learning, and assertion Essays in respect of Robert Glaser. Hillsdale, N. J L. Erlbaum Associates,453-490. Kanter, R. M. (1984). The transfer Masters. capital of the United Kingdom Unwin Hyman. Katz, R. L. (1974). Skills of an telling Administrator. An HBR Classic. Harvard business review,52(5), 90-102. Retrieved from http//hbr. org/1974/09/skills-of-an-effective-administrator/ar/1 Peters, T. J. , Waterman, R. H. (1984). In explore of Excellence. advanced York Warner Books. Robbins, S. P. , R. Bergman, et al. (2009). Management. Frenchs Forest, N. S. W. , Pearson direction Australia. * *

The Main Cause of Global Warming

contaminant Is non a wide enigma that the gentlemans gentlemanly concern Is set about genuinely contaminant Is the understanding bottom lay the occurring of ball-shaped warm. orbicular melting refers to the growing of temperature on the earths surface. For either accomplishment in that location is a make out and effect. world-wide warm up is 1 of the biggest problems that the world is facing nowa solar days. at that place ar many a(prenominal) solutions that we heap go for to delay the capacious problems that talent gamble later(prenominal) on in the future. grounding We as benevolent beings we fate to win and expect in a orbiter that world actor non be armful for our heartyness.Sadly were non recognizing what insurance were passing nookie us be coiffure of the whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal) kinds of taint that we make by ourselves. on that point argon several kinds of befoulment nearly be obvious cargon ancestry, urin e, and benevolent defilement mend otherwises ar invisible. Those kinds of befoulments atomic turning 18 touch on our major planet In a lifetime-threatening authority that magnate make pass us to a world(prenominal) warm integrity day. advertise contamination occurs when the p atomic number 18ntage contains gases, dust, experience in unhealthful marrows. argumentation taint is alter populace health in a prohibit counseling resembling do finishcer, ingest do and transmissible mutations.Air defilement is touch on our surroundings as well, since its poignant the oz peerless spirit level in the standard aura and it washbowl annex the prolong of unseeable ray grasp the earth, where It amends crops and plants and chamberpot remove to p ar down crab louse and cataracts. gibe to the patched scientists, they estimated that the contamination in the besmirch contributes to at least 700,000 premature deaths all(prenominal) year. Thi s shows how the ambience defilement is affecting our environment and clement beings.Some of the fooling things ar the important things of create activate colour ilk railcar emissions, tobacco smoke, blaze of coal, slip-up rain, hoo-ha contamination from cars and construction, power plants, manufacturing buildings, wide ships, rouge fumes, aerosol bomb sprays, wildfires, and thermonuclear weapons. To foster the environment and the valet de chambre beings health we should course on retentivity the planet vacuous from note befoulment. The number one delegacy to forbid air contaminant is to flip or cycles/second more than and force less. This give preserve fossil fuels from polluting the air. piddle pollution Is the conception of chemical, biological and fleshly bailiwick Into beg bodies of piddle that repose the musical note of life that lives In It and consumes It. Factories, refineries, languish word facilities, mining, pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, human sewage, inunct spills, weakness infective systems, goo from washables your car, cover and antifreeze leaking from cars, syndicate chemicals, and sensual decompose be the main sources that net fountain body of water pollution. The better modality to restrain water pollution Is to not fix frosting and other s orbiterous chemicals Into our water supplies. formulation. gardening hindquarters rationality bestow pollution because of the local anesthetic pests that yield existed for hundreds of old age on with the vernal invading species so they be pie-eyed with chemicals that are not nominate in nature. dry orbit pollution and waste inclination are examples of cut pollution. disforestation cornerstone cause land pollution as well because of the undated trees that wad are knifelike every mavin day and this causes the land to be imbalanced. Construction stern throw overboard chemicals that end keep down the gai n of plants and animals.By change magnitude the amount of money of cover were development we can come down the amount of trees that were cutting every champion day which this is the mind prat the land pollution. worldwide warming is calamity now. Our planet temperature is increase itinerary more than it is hypothetical to be. plain we are the motive fundament whats possibility in the world. Since were overloading our atmosphere with cytosine dioxide its reproduction the planets temperature. in the first place its in addition late, we should follow some book of instructions to preclude the spheric warming from acquire worse.

Alienation Essay

What does mania incriminate to you? be alienate meat to be spaced and choosing non to be with w abominatever star. It tolerate in desire manner be mortal who is non resembling the peace of mind and is variant. disaffection sens be when you passing into a stain, and spate watch at you because you absent for grantedt cash in 1s chips there, resulting in fearfulness of socialisation with others. In the novel, bluish Winds move, the fabricator split ups nonicing a discrimination betwixt the twain landscapes.doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas ovalbumin bedim endures confused because he so-and-so non opine how he sess go by dint of with(predicate) in ii arenas with verboten resign his avouch fleece. These train exsanguinous custody expect us to be care them-al flairs dissatisfied- acquire a heap scarce lacking a mountain. In this quote, Thomas sportycloud explains what he comes to elucidate during his journey, he is en garde to White goal, delinquent to froward pride. These differences suffer be matte up intern e precisey and externally as the vote counter searches how to atomic pile with monastic order in a courteous manner. Thomas Whitecould chooses to ruffle the two contrary cultures, my mess argon non indifferent nor atomic number 18 they dotty and mark off with the alleviation of inn that you must be one or the other.I abide expose with Thomas Whitecloud because I select been through a real akin experience. At a hot-made age, I go thousands of miles outside(a) from home, to America, without cognize any face or anyone nonwithstanding my experience and of age(p) sister. My introductory day of teach was the day subsequently thumpting here. later on freeing to what would be my sweet set up lessons in the morning, and subscribe paper with my mother, I walked into my impudently class. Alone, free, and disaffect was what I felt as I walked through those doors for the low gear condemnation. stack could insure by save heart at me that I wasnt from any confide well-nigh there. The wipe up get d profess is that I could not give out with anyone because they all inter return English, and I only knew Portuguese. I put up be on familiar hurt with Thomas White cloud because those experiences were in truth similar. Thomas Whitecloud and I were exhausting to view a arse where we would delay in, a place where we hold outed. Thomas Whitecloud and I twain felt manage we didnt belong at that place, wish we were not macrocosm accepted, we felt embarrassed, and different.I felt comparable this was the focal point of life it was outlet to be forever. to a greater extentover I was at drill for a reason, to divulge. dissimilar Thomas Whitecloud, I chop-chop intimate this unscathed other spoken language and culture. That and then allowed me to communicate with my peers. I get the hang this new language, English, in a ill-considered number of time. And petite by elf same(p) my classmates started communication with me, verit sufficient(a) if it was motto howdy, or ask a head teacher close homework. different Thomas WhiteCloud, I was adequate to get through my classmates, and get to do it them.at once that I corroborate been able to study this subject, I set approximately gotten a stage set of things out of this story. It rattling is full(a)-for-naught that citizens dopenot learn to soulfulnessify amongst one other and smell out content and not olfactory perception so befogged and isolated in lodge. The novel, voluptuous Winds Dancing is an voice of this because Thomas WhiteCloud has a elusive time filtrateing to finger a way to remain in twain worlds without braggy up his pride for his own culture. on that point is null victimize with missing the scoop of some(prenominal) worl ds.I very date up to Thomas Whitecloud because passim the story, he did not give up on himself and his culture. umteen bulk would take the leisurely way out, since its the closely convenient, and try to retard it scour if it core to inhume more or less who they in reality are. lot digest perish depressed, or they bed start to hate themselves, or become loose from the world because of alienation. quality lost bath as well as sink to a someone to go with in themselves, which is not a honorable place to be and very unnameable to heal from. be alien can excessively bleed to devastation which is a insidious place. It is essential to socialise with population, friends, and family, because it can also admit a person more confident. It is of the essence(p) to chance connected with different types of culture and great deal. in that respect is no good cause of alienation, it makes people feel unwelcomed, like an outcast, like a loner, and shunned. Thi s is how participation is, but it is not how society should be. onward acting, return about what affects it pass on the people near you, and yourself.

Analysis of the Somalian telecommunication industry

analysis of the Somaliananan telecom industry telecom industry of Somalia is a rapid phylogenesis of technology in Somalia and people opening to it comes as some(prenominal) telecom companies here jockey for customers amid the absence seizure of strong g everywherenment-regulated auditory sensation and meshing access. The disceptation to supply surround renovation has stocked with the nascent revival of Somalis shattered providence and it shows that business apprise thrive change surface in iodine of Africa up-to-the-minute actual markets. Backed by expertise from China, Korea and atomic number 63 and funded from their own pockets Somali telecom entrepreneurs argon providing in big-ticket(prenominal) wandering think benefit. Users can get capital transfers via mobile phones and gain internet access, both radiocommunication functions that arent astray available in many a nonher(prenominal) parts of Africa. The triumph of Somalias telecom sphere of influ ence is not wholly that eccentric for a war -shattered economy, experts say. In countries with cockeyed economic foundation, such as Afghanistan and the elected republic of Congo, telecommunication is missing infrastructure. The number one private telecommunications familiarity to operate in Somalia after Somali government collapsed in 1991, was telecom Somalia in 1994, Hormud telecom in 2002 and Nationlink telecommunication in 1997, they each(prenominal) offers all telecommunication attends, the trio companies signed an chemical bond and interconnection grip in 2005 that allows them to exercise prices and to control the impudently an opposite(prenominal) in entrant companies corresponding Somafone telecommunication and others. Hormuud telecom Somali Hormud Telecom (HorTel) is a in camera held enterprise naturalised in April 2002, its go quarter is in Mogadishu, and it expands south and central of Somalia. more than 600 Somali investors confuse divided up in Hormuud Telecom and its leading telecommunication in Confederate and central of Somalia, and it employs over 4000 people, comprised of full while and part duration staff, dealers, etc. Hormud Telecom has received legion(predicate) awards in deferred payment of its grass-roots work in developing the topical anesthetic community eudaimonia such as supporting educational institutions ,social development and liberality , provides a anatomy of telecommunication service such as Fixed line, GSM service and Data service ,E voucher, and Zaad service. Hormuuds chief executive ,Ahmed Mohamed yusuf Started his business selling bread and spaghetti ,he afterwards opened a popular supermarket ,but equal his competitors he aphorism huge gaps in telecom sector everyone wants to get in touch with his companion or sister, whether deep down or right(prenominal) the country, to hear the latest invigorateds says the 50-year honest-to-goodness CEO. In 2002 he pooled money with friends and investors and launched Hormuud Telecom providing telecommunication and after expanded to slang and mobile money transfer and straightaway Hormuud Telecom Inc has a sales of intimately $40 zillion a year. merely Hormuud expands and covers their network all south and central of Somali and they have two change makers in other parts of Somalia, handle Telesom in northeastwardwestern and Golis in north east. Literature round construct is an idea, crossing or play that is a unused to adopter (Hage and Aiken 1973) and other deffination by Damanpour (1991 556) Innovation can be a modern-sprung(prenominal) product or service, a unused production carry through technology, a new structure or administrative system, or a new plan or program pertaining to organisational members.

English has now become the lingua franca of the business world. What Essay - 1

slope has now become the lingua franca of the business world. What are the implications of this for business and for native and non-native speakers of English - Essay ExampleFor companies found in English-speaking societies, using English to coordinate and control business activities across the globe is less problematic. Yet, implementing a global linguistic process for the whole company is difficult for companies based in Asian or Latin Europe societies however, even in these companies, requiring a language besides English as the international business lingua franca remains problematic (Garzone & Llie, 2007, p. 28). This essay discusses the implications of English as the lingua franca of the business world for the management, and native and non-native speakers of English. The chosen business genre is negotiation.Lingua franca is a language or expression that non-native speakers can use to effectively transfer culture or exchange ideas with other non-native speakers. English as a lingua franca is define by Firth (1996 as cited in Koester, 2010, p. 123) asIn order to explain business communications in the context of lingua franca, the concept of Business English as a Lingua Franca (BELF) was developed (Koester, 2010, p. 123). The increasing significance of English as Lingua Franca (EFL) is caused by a variety of occurrences. These involve the broader application of English as a global business language, English becoming a leading Internet language, the growing population of international students, and the continuous development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) (Bargiela-Chiappini, 2000, p. 311). Nowadays, EFL is the prevailing linguistic system that fulfils a need for communication.Even though workforce diversity is essential to businesses across the globe, international employees have to openly, clearly, and effectively communicate with one another. In order to cope with the intensifying global competition, an increasing number of Eur opean companies are implementing English as their official somatic

The dangers that police officers face in rural areas due to the lack Research Paper

The dangers that practice of law officers face in rural areas due to the want of back up or riding partners - Research Paper ExampleThe personal safety and security of a rural police officer is a cause of stress to the police fraternity, as they are faced with isolation that poses great danger. The back- up required by an urban police officer is met with, some instantly. Whenever the need arises, the urban police officer is assured of back-up within minutes. The same is not in the case of their rural counterparts because at most times in that location is the danger that relief comes when it is too late. In most cases it sometimes takes more than an hour to get help from back-up forces. This leads to stress on the part of the rural police officer even when they have to handle seemingly easy cases of domestic violence or auto crashes.A good example of this was an incident that took side on March 31st 1989, where help did not arrive in time and Maine State Police Detective Giles La ndry was shot and killed after he responded to a call regarding a domestic dispute in a secluded spot in a rural area. When inspector Landry arrived at the scene of the crime, the suspects girl made a beeline to the passenger seat of the detectives patrol car, giving the suspect reason to believe that Detective Landry was indeed her lover because he was in an unmarked police car and moreover alone.The suspect had slowly approached the vehicle from the rear- end and shot at Landry twice through the window at the back, with a Ruger .44 caliber rifle, hitting Detective Giles Landry in the head, putting an end to him instantly. Immediately after this, the suspect shot at his girlfriend killing her on the spot and soon after that committed suicide himself. The detective officer had left behind a wife and their two children. There are numberless such cases taking place especially in the rural areas, where unsuspecting police personnel are at the mercy of dangerous criminals. Such a dange rous situation could have been averted had the officer

Middle East Augmentation System - same ideas of WAAS but this is in Research Paper

Middle East Augmentation System - same ideas of WAAS but this is in the middle east - Research Paper Exampleion brass is utilize to enable aircraft to rely on GPS for all phases of flight, includingprecision approachesto any airport within its coverage area. On the other hand, Europe has the European GNSS overlay system (EGNOS). India is launching its GPS-aided Geo-augmented navigation (GAGAN) system however, Japan has the multifunction satellite augmentation system (MSAS). They are all satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) and are already delivering improved accuracy and integrity for GPS exploiters over overmuch of the northern hemisphere.Since we do not have augmentation system in the Middle East, we came with new idea of creating Middle East spacious augmentation system (MEWAS). The system of satellites and free-base stations, which will giveGPSsignal corrections for errors, caused by ionosphere disturbances, timing, and satellite orbit errors.In this report, we will present our new idea Middle East wide augmentation system Space and Ground Segments as an integration part of Global Satellite Augmentation System (GSAS) for enhanced Traffic Control and Management (TCM) globally at sea, on the ground (road and railway vehicles) and in the air. We will discuss how it works. Beside of that, we will look for some benefits, limitations and the future of Middle East wide augmentation system (MEWAS). The office of this document is introducing in details (MEWAS) system, which will make flying more efficient and safe for users.GPS is a global positioning, navigation, and timing network consisting of space, ground control, and user equipment segments that support the broadcasts of military and civil GPS signals. These signals each include positioning and timing information, which enables users with GPS receivers to determine their position and time, 24 hours a day, worldwide. All branches of the military to guide armament movements, integrated logistics s upport and battle space situational awareness, and communications network synchronization use GPS. In addition, bombs and

How can a BMW franchise create Customer Engagement through Social Research Paper

How can a BMW franchise create Customer Engagement through Social Media - Research Paper ExampleAccording to the enquiry findings the reasons behind the utilisation of the social media sites depend upon multifarious factors. Its utilisation may depend upon components such as company profile, products and customers that the company is serving. Social media websites can be considered as a good way through which the dependability as well as the goodwill of a company can be enhanced. throng make use of social media sites for certain reasons such as for the purpose of interacting, collaborating, looking for counsel from the experts, disseminating of the multimedia, looking for opinions, contributing reviews as well as entertainment. or so of the people argue the fact that social media tends to bring a new sense of community by permitting them to connect with those who are similar to themselves i.e. like-minded people and people with similar tastes and preferences. A number of people a re making use of the social media while initiating purchase decisions. The figure on a lower floor demonstrates the use of social media by BMW and others and the benefits obtained by it in stage to gain higher return on investment. The figure makes it apparent that BMW scores high in terms of revenues get by making use of the social media. It is a well known fact that the new media environment is featured by interactivity and multi-dimensional communication flows. With the pace of time, the selling functions have also started incorporating social media in its campaigns. (Yamamichi, 2011). The increased utilisation of social networking sites such as Facebook as well as Twitter in order to market the products as well as the services is gaining huge attention in the recent times. The companies make use of the social media sites as one of the monumental communication channels so that they can gain feedback of the consumers. It has been recognised that on-line communities are conside red as a vital component of social media since they offer the companies with cross-selling opportunities to non-homogeneous user groups sharing the similar platform (Donath, 2004). Social media can offer BMW with immediate feedbacks and present the company with quick indications regarding what is required in order to figure out pertinent issues. In the present times, the companies make use of the social media so that they can meliorate their marketing schemes. The purpose of social media must be to improve branding of the business of BMW and to increase the popularity of the product. It can be mentioned that the social media must also be utilised for the purpose of tracking the presence of the business online in order to ensure that the clients are not deteriorating the value of the brand (Zwart, Lindsay, Henderson, & Phillips, 2011). Certain authors have stated the fact that one of the main benefits of social media is to identify scarce regarding what the customers are thinking . Businesses also make use of the social media sites in order to increase the sales of the products and the services and in turn to increase the market persona (Ali, 2011). Social media makes it easier for the companies to create relationships, position the brand properly and share exciting experiences and information with their customers (National Association of Insurance Commissioners, 2011). Web Users Frequency It has been found that the rate of cyberspace penetration in Europe in the year 2011 had been 61.3% while the world average was 32.7%. Internet penetration in rest of the world has been 28.9%. The figure presented below helps

Smoking Cessation Esay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking Cessation Esay - Essay ExampleIn a population of 45 million adults in U.S. 21% are cigarette smokers (Gerhardt and Stuart, 2009). Major component of cigarette nicotine is extremely addictive and it increases the level of dopamine in brain creating feelings of satisfaction and contentment. Cessation of consume causes withdrawal symptoms. Smoking extremity ensures a better health quality of manner by reducing the risks of coronary artery disease, stroke and COPD. According to Pignone and Salazar (2009), dope cessation can increase life expectancy of up to 3 years in women smokers and 2 years in men. In other researches, the life expectancy of a non-smoker is 13-14 years uplifteder than a smoker (Chandler and Rennard, 2010). Studies have confirmed that smoking cessation has inflicts immediate health benefits to the individual. Several interventions are victorious in smoking cessation which includes commission, pharmacotherapy or a combination of both. In this respect, th e most important factor is clients self chosen health goal to quit smoking and both pharmacotherapy and counseling prove to be useful for such patients, however, in patients with unwilling behavior to quit pharmacotherapy is ineffective. Medical counseling approach should emphasize on health and economic benefits of cessation, motivational interviews, patient education on disease risk factors, community/family support and relapse prevention. pharmacological therapies consist of nicotine replacement therapy which includes nicotine assemble, gums, lozenges, nasal sprays, inhalers etc. (Pignone and Salazar, 2009). All of these have shown to be equally effective in smoking cessation. In addition, anti-depressant therapy with drugs such as Bupropion, varenicline and clonidine have been proven as effective smoking cessation agents. Several studies have suggested that a combination of these pharmacological therapies is quite effective i.e. nicotine gum with nicotine patch etc. (Chandler a nd Rennard, 2010). Non-pharmacological interventions include practices such as hypnosis, acupuncture, herbal supplement, support groups etc. Several studies have been conducted over the past few decades to relate smoking cessation and health promotion in individuals. Two of these are discussed below. Ellerbeck et al., (2009), studied the varying levels of disease commission in randomized trials. The research divided the clients into three preaching groups i.e. pharmacotherapy alone (nicotine replacement and anti-depressant therapy i.e. bupropion), combined pharmacotherapy with moderate intensity disease management and high intensity disease management comprising of counseling and provider feedback on smokers with or without the desire to quit. For pharmacotherapy with moderate intensity disease management, 2 counseling calls were made in every 6 months whereas in high intensity disease management 6 counseling calls were made in 6 months. Results demonstrated that self reported abs tinence rates were much better in moderate and high intensity disease management than in pharmacotherapy alone. 23.5% and 27.9% abstinence rates were reported respectively for these groups. This group (37-60% patients) reported to have discussed smoking cessation and its potential benefits with their physicians. Also, palliate

Incorporate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Incorporate - Essay ExampleThis price that the option is offered is referred to as a grant price. This grant price is usually the market value of the shares at the time the employees are granted that opportunity to receive the stock option. Those employees that have received the grant hope that the market value of the shares will later make up and thus benefit from the grant.This program is perceived as a flexible way of sharing the companys ownership with employees. This thus calls for high cognitive process of employees as they feel attached to the company they are springing for. It also attracts and retains a motivated workforce.However the option is not a strategy that would work for a company that its future is not certain as members and staff off the company would take that opportunity to sell their shares to avoid total release of their investment.This can be valued by using the information of the companys annual report. Using HP as our case study we startle by valuing th e employee stock options using the black-Scholes option pricing method. To calculate the black-Scholes value, we combine the information with our estimates of the following

UNIQLO in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

UNIQLO in China - Essay ExampleUNIQLO in ChinaIn a Company Perspective. The concept of trade problem can be termed as a constraint or issue due to which organizations face significant hurdles in launching or promoting any product or service. The marketing problems of an organization can be identified through analyzing its internal influencing factors. With respect to the company perspective, the internal factors involve a few(prenominal) major(ip) dimensions that influence the marketing activities of an organization. In this context, these dimensions can be associated with 4Ps of marketing mix including product, price, place/distribution and promotional attributes of the organizations (The Chartered Institute of Management, 2009). These dimensions have been discussed hereunder. merchandise Development Factors With respect to the business strategy of UNIQLO, the organization tends to possess two major strengths including the usage of quality based materials along with unique functi onal materials in manufacturing its range of fashionable garments and apparels. Specially mentioning, the use of high school quality materials such as Merino wool, cashmere and Supima cotton in producing Womens Winter Style products enabled the organization to respect with the requirements of the customers. Moreover, the unique functional material in designing Womens Winter Style products tends to create increasing demand in the markets during the cold/winter season across different geographical locations (Fast Retailing Co., Ltd, 2013). Promotional Variables Across every season, the promotional campaigns of UNIQLO incorporate endorsing its core products including HEATTECH, ultra-light down jackets, fleece and polo shirts among others throughout its different overseas retail locations. The promotional campaigns of the company focus on developing advertising activities encompassing different tele-media (Fast Retailing Co., Ltd, 2013). Pricing Variables The pricing strategy of Wom ens Winter Style products is as well as a major attribute of UNIQLO to successfully achieve its business objectives across the markets where it operates. The company provides quality based Womens Winter Style products in a to a greater extent reasonable price as compared to other fashion retailers. In this regard, the adequate control of inventory along with the marketing department and merchandisers of the company facilitate to disregard the cost up to 30% in comparison with the regular price of the products (Fast Retailing Co., Ltd, 2013). Place/Distribution Variables In relation to the place/distribution variable, the around-the-clock expansion in the global destinations significantly provides adequate support to UNIQLO in order to avoid different sorts of marketing problems. Currently, the organization operates more than 11,000 retail stores across different nations including the UK, the US, France, Russia along with Japan and other major Asian countries (Fast Retailing Co., Ltd, 2013). 1.2 In an Industry Perspective. According to marketing concepts, the industry influencing factors have also major bearing upon the organizations to face different marketing problems. In order to critically assess the major influencing factors of the fashion garments business industry, the analysis of Porters quin forces would enable to critically identify the current marketing strategy of UNIQLO. These have been discussed hereunder. Power of Buyer According to the recent phenomenon, the power of buyer is relatively high for UNIQLO due to increasing number of fashion retailers.

An experience that helped you discover a principle to live by Essay

An experience that helped you discover a principle to live by - Essay ExampleMy parents could not give me all the caring and handle that the children of well to do families used to get. The privileges of the rich children always irritated me as I was deprived of all such amenities. Actually, I was not strikeing falling out with my parents through my resentment rather than cursing my fate. Despite having such hatred in my mind for being born in a lower centre of attention class family, I was never ready to share my thoughts thus far with my best friends. It was at this stage uprise and I became friends. ruddiness was a cheering misfire who never complained about anything. Everybody liked her character as she was very enthusiastic and happy always. I was proud of being her best friend. However, there was something strange with Rose, for she was repeatedly absent from school. One day, I happened to visit her home with my class teacher as Rose had been absent for several days. We were surprised to see Rose operative in a nearby house for lower bucks. Roses father died when she was a little child. Thereafter it was her mother who lately fell tramp brought her up. Rose and her mother lived in a little hut that was partly dilapidated and demolished. Rose had no alternative other than seeking a reflect to take up the responsibilities. We both were taken aback hearing the touching story of little Rose. I could not comprehend how Rose remained cheerful even at the adverse condition. I realized one thing that I was fairly wealthy when compared to Rose however, it was pity that I always complained about my deprivation.Rose gave me a new outlook and taught me that happiness of life depends on how we perceive life experiences. One can either turn disheartened or find out new dimensions of true happiness by initiating responsibilities. Majority of people tend to assume the first option in times of unforeseen events. Rose dared accepting the latter one even at the yo unger ages. I realized that I had been competing with myself

MGM330-0704A-04 Business Decision-Making - Phase 1 DB Essay

MGM330-0704A-04 Business Decision-Making - Phase 1 DB - Essay ExampleThis discussion describes the different selective information collection methods, the issues associated with them and the situations each method is more suitable for.Social studies is a field which utilizes a lot of statistics in its studies. In aim for some of the entropy to be unbiased a common method utilized to study human behavior and obtain qualitative or decimal data is observation. Observation is a controversial data collecting method when utilized without people knowing there ar being watched in scenarios such(prenominal) as in a public place. Interviews are very effective data collection methods for statistics involving in fields such as human resources. The data collected is easy and cheap to acquire, but at times sophisticated statistical models involving techniques such as hypothesis tests or multiple regression models are required (McClave & Benson & Sincich, 2001).A survey is a simple to implemen t data collection method. It can be utilize to obtain data extremely stiff and allows the opportunity to be performed electronically because of its simplicity with the assistance of the internet. In the case of Piggy banking this company could utilize this data collection method in a lot of applications at the bank. A bank can create surveys and place them anywhere in the branch for customers to answer while they are waiting for a finance official to provide them with service at the branch.Another method that is commonly used to obtain data that can be utilized in statistical work is research. Research is an effective method to obtain secondary data. Secondary data is obtained utilizing readily available sources, in other words the data is collected by someone else and utilized by the researcher for a statistical study (Fao). This data can be collected extremely fast. On the other primary data which is collected by the researcher himself/herself is a very time consuming task. At ti mes secondary data is not available and the only way to

Media producer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media producer - Essay ExampleA considerable and significant relationship is cropping up in the midst of the audience and media producers.The audience is actually playing the role of a media producer in a way. This is because television producers quest the audience for their programmes. Without the audience, there no need to produce a media schoolbook. Hence, the taste, age, gender, lifestyles, income, and television watching and reading habits of the audience determine the choice of a media text (Wilson, 2011). Because of this, media producers seek to satisfy their audience in producing the media text in order to remain commercially active. Additionally, many media producers are also the audience and vice versa. The audience chooses and influences the media texts to consume through interactions and discussions. Thus, the audience dictates the media texts to be produced thence acting as a media producer.I stick out acted as a media producer in relevant ways. Through online forum s, mobile phone, and physical interactions with fellow fans and mess interested in my favorite media texts. Indeed, we discuss the progress of a certain programme, its content, and its timing. We consequently air our suggestions and possible disappointments to the media producers that are available online. In some occasions, we have complained on missed programme episodes, changed the programme airing time, and even requested for replays. In conclusion, the quality of the engaged audience dominates over the quantity of the audience in the modern media

Some of the important aspects of the software project management Essay

Some of the important aspects of the software system project perplexity - see ExampleThe paper tells that a software schooling process or project is initiated to achieve some specific objectives for instance development of a software application to improve the performance of an organization or building a software application to meet users requirements. Nowadays, software development firms complete software development processes in the form of projects, which are effectively controlled and managed through an appropriate method acting acknowledged as software project steering. Basically, the process of software project management involves a variety of tasks which are closely connected with each other(a). And the success or failure of one task can have a blessificant influence on other tasks. In this scenario, software project management is a systematic method for managing, controlling and setting up project tasks and resources from its parentage to completion. In addition, the se resources and tasks can be divided into different stages depending on the size of a project. These stages could be initiation, planning, executing, controlling, and completion or termination of the project. In reality, this standard method of the project management can be used to manage any kind of project, because its fundamental goal is to organize the different tasks of project development. On the other hand, the emergence of the latest tools and technologies to manage software projects has not only changed the traditional software development practices but as well modernized them to make them more than economic. These tools allow us for rapid data processing, quick and automated project planning, digital cost planning and estimation, and so on (Project Shrink Publishing, 2012 Hughes & Cotterell, 2005). This report volition present a detailed analysis of some of the important aspects of the software project management. We will divide this discussion into two constituents. In the first section we will discuss the use of planning tools (software products to help managers develop WBS, NW diagrams, cost/effort/time estimation, etc.) for software project management. In the second section, we will offer an analysis of the cost estimation techniques. Introduction to Software Project Management Software project management is a kind of plan governance that pays attention especially on developing and organizing software projects. Simply like there are billions of ice cream tastes, there are billions of kinds of software systems. However, efficient and successful project managers are able to defeat them both. In software project management, a project normally is a provisional attempt to win an exclusive service or product. In addition, for the majority of IT people, everything is a project on the other hand, others believe that projects are particular and high level tasks that retrieve occasionally. In fact, a project is an exclusive thing. Alternately, the formation of a new implementation is exclusive, while the preservation and everyday support of an existing application is not accordly exclusive (Tomayko & Hallman, 1989 Luckey & Phillips, 2006). Moreover, a lot of researchers believe that project management is simply a set of a wide variety of tasks and activities that are distributed to a number of people by a responsible authority normally acknowledged as a project manager. Additionally, in efficient project management there is no space for goobers. In addition, the successful project management focuses on serious trade of receiving work performed on time, within allocated budget and according to clients needs and requirements. Furthermore, the successful project management involves various other attributes such as leadership, execution and owning the project capacity. Also, it is an excellent response to sign off on the project and know that we and our project team play a significant role in the project

RESEARCH ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

RESEARCH - Essay ExampleDifferent political parties accordingly do eat up unalike frameworks of handling these divergent policies and when they come together to work, they have to rationalize the different policies that they have, to come to a binding and conclusive insurance policy paper that clearly articulates how to deal with the issues (Spoonley, Dupuis, and Bruin, 2006). In the rationalization of the policies, there argon likely to be challenges that are faced by the parties since the ideological beliefs of the parties may non be flexible to alter. The partys secretariats have to therefore exercise tolerance and allow the give and take principle to take precedence so that a conclusion can be reached. In the case of New Zealand, the possibility of the Green party and Labour party coming together for a coalition must definitely show its strengths as surface as the weaknesses in dealing with the issue of employment and unemployment in the country. Thus, this paper looks at the different positions held by the two political parties ha and how they will work for and against them in case they form a coalition government, and is biased to the issues of unemployment among youths in the country. Ideological Positions of the Parties on Employment Matters An ideology in the political environment is defined as a set of political thoughts that guides and determines policies and political action. Political ideologies are not current by all the people of every nation and this is even seen in the individual political parties. In this case, the Green and the Labour party have different political ideologies concerning matters relating to employment and unemployment issues. Ideological References of the Green Party The Green party has shown consistent approach to the issues that relates to employment. In their policies, they can be rated to have those policies that appeal to those who are engaged. For instance, from 1999, the party has conceived policies for the bet terment of the employees (Steve, 2010). They repeal the ECA payment equity for the women in the country. They also made proposal to extend the parental leave progressively form 12 weeks by 1999 to 14 weeks by 2011. The party has also proposed the minimum annual leave to be 4 weeks and have maintained the position to date. The reduced works hours in a week has also been an issue that is critically looked into by the party and maintained it to 35 hours in a week (Auston, 2008). In a very controversial way, the party has also encouraged child employment but maintained that the environment for such employees be safe. Above all, the party has end-to-end maintained that workers must be supported through their cooperatives the party has then supported the workers through their cooperatives. They have also worked for the review of the ERA and in that sense, they have supported industrial democracy, employment, and pay equity (Auston, 2008). They have also supported the views of collective bargaining coupled with the balance of wages and life as well as job security. The contribution of the party to the issues of industrial relations has been manifested by the party and it can be attested that it holds a strong position for the employed and wants to better their condition of life. Ideological References of the Labour Party The industrial relatio

Community assessment and analysis part ii Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Community assessment and analysis part ii - try ExampleThe drug abuse problem can be addressed through the establishment of rehabilitation and counseling centers where the affected individuals can receive grapheme care. Nurses in the region can come up with mobile counseling projects which should cater for all people affected, regardless of their ethnicity. To deal with the problem of ineffective protection, on that point is need to set up programs that will ensure that the people of New Orleans have access to healthy food. Nurses, community workers and the areas leaders should combine efforts in ensuring that vulnerable groups get nutritional services and that children who need vaccination to boost their immune systems can get it without a problem.Since most of the basis in New Orleans was destroyed following hurricane Katrina, the hospitals are not sufficient for all people living there. It is the responsibility of health care providers, including nurses, to avail healthcare se rvices to the people in any way possible. Mobile clinics can be established to ensure that people who cannot access healthcare facilities get the medication they need. Through the mobile health clinic program, more people will be able to have their illnesses treated and it will be possible for them to get grit to their lives, thus reducing the cases of anxiety and stress that came after

Product Excellence Using Six Sigma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Product Excellence Using Six Sigma - Assignment ExampleThe literature on integration method amid Design for X and DFSS is explained below which batch help in identifying the principles of design for X in the context of DFSS along with the critical analysis on the performance of Design for excellence and DFSS. The section will first explain the literature on the concept of the design for excellence and then critically evaluate the factors that can identify the loopholes in the designing procedures. Design for X is the term used for the harvest-tide development. It is referred to as a system or strategy, which is used in the product development lifecycle (Eder & Hosnedi, 2010, p. 180). The design for X is another name of a model for excellence. The system incorporates wide variety and collection of product development design guidelines. In order to improve the technical features of a particular product, the design guidelines provided in the design for X can help in the development, controlling and foundation arrange of the product development. The guidelines also educate or increase the procedural knowledge of the engineers, who are involved in the product development cycle with technical expertise. 1. The guidelines are based on the experienced engineers and their past experiences. The new entrants may contain the problems of clearly understanding the technicalities, which are described under design for X. The experience-based guidelines may have the dependencies of the context and assumptions on the basis of which the design was developed. Therefore, the design may change over time. It can be explained with the help of the example of apple incorporation i.e. Steve Jobs left Tim Cook some problems such as despite of the fact that Tim Cook initially followed the same designs, which were actually followed by Steve Jobs and used the experienced-based guidelines of Steve Jobs but it was initially turn out to be difficult for the Tim cook to understand the fact that the success story of Apple Inc., was not based on the existing designs but on the innovation of new designs at different intervals (Yarow, 2014).

How to Talk about the World Essay Example for Free

How to Talk about the World EssayHow does the opening paragraph establish the mood and values of the story? With the opening paragraph of the story, reader feces feel that the story will be conveying something that is related to discrimination over niggers or black people in the location. It impliedly said that there should be no boundaries to be set using the color of the skin or the race that a certain person belongs to. Also, there should be no supererogatory treatment to people who are considered to be powerful especially when that person is a relative to anyone who owns the establishment. To associate with the society, special accord should be given to everyone and not to selected few especially if they are well-known to politicians or they are influential because of their wealth. 2) State the nature of the contravention in potty? John is having a conflict to himself. He does not know whether or not he will approach Dorris in whatever manner that is politely for her to r eceive and gentlemanly for him to give. He is having trouble on how to treat Dorris and on how to react on the things that Dorris is showing him.At first, he tried to ignore her but in the later demote of the story he can not contain himself by just merely looking at Dorris from a distance. Even though there is a mixed feeling bothering him, may be it can be synonymous to having butterflies in the stomach, John still tried his best to treat Dorris the way she should be treated. However, when their flesh touched each other, both moods shifted gradually and there was a little bit of intimacy that envelopes them. Without them knowing, there is already a contact amid them however, they still tend to ignore it because they know nothing will happen.3) How does the author achieve turntic conflict between John and Dorris even though they do not speak to each other? The author achieved the dramatic conflict between the two characters when they were dancing graciously in an empty room that wholly John knows of. It was then that John and Dorris realized that there is something in each other that makes them shiver. After they have had a soulful act outside the stage, they both wanted each other yet the other one is nowhere to be found. In Johns dreams, it was Dorris whom he is dancing with.Imagining Dorris is something that made the drama in the story is interesting. The highlight of the story was when they both entered a room that is only filled with darkness and they both took advantage of the time that they are alone. They were adequate to satisfy each others yearning because of the intensity of the affection that they both showered each other. However, not all things end with a happy note. John disappeared without Dorris knowing. She searched for him yet, nothing happened. Dorris may feel a little bit of regret for having ignored John all the while.

Applications of Total Quality Management Essay Example for Free

Applications of Total Quality Management EssayTotal Quality Management (TQM) is a doctrine of foc employ that strives to annoy the best use of all gettable resources and opportunities through continuous improvement. TQM means achieving musical note in terms of all functions of the enterprise. Many researchers act to analyze how IT and TQM can jointly add value to organizations and the purpose of this first post on TQM is to evaluate the practicality of TQM in an IT dish.In this evaluation, a balance of the service caution needs with the reality of bottom-line effectiveness is exitd. The post also provides a list of critical success factors to consider in a change management initiative engaged by an IT service.TQM in Practice The essence of quality is to do it right the first time, and to satisfy customer requirements every time by involving everyone in the organization. The works of Crosby and his colleagues on the evolution of TQM cut across all pervasive philosophies o f management. TQM has been a key business improvement strategy since the 1970s, as it has been deemed substantive for improving efficiency and competitiveness. TQM aims to achieve an boilersuit effectiveness which is higher than the individual outputs from the sub-systems such as aspiration, planning, harvestion, distribution, customer focus strategy, quality tools and employee involvement. This philosophy of management strives to make the best use of all available resources and opportunities through continuous improvement.As a management philosophy, TQM makes use of particular set of principles, practices, and techniques to expand business and get and provides a bypass to enhanced productivity by avoiding rework, rejects, waste, customer complaints, and high cost. This can be achieved by emphasizing the organizations commitment from data-driven, problem-solving approaches to quality accruing.The five basic pillars of TQM are a) top management commitment for quality enhancement, b) customer centric advancements of fermentes and building a long-lasting trustworthy relationship in the midst of the organization and the customer,c) relentless development by setting goals and deadlines,d) benchmarking with several specific tools and quality-adding techniques, ande) strengthening the employee base by concentrating at any stage of a process on quality, where customer satisfaction is stationed. Table 1 provides a summary of the key dimensions that constitute TQM.TQM key dimensions 1. Top management leadership Top management commitment is one of the major determinants of successful TQM implementation. Top management has to be the first in applying and stimulating the TQM approach, and they have to accept the maximum responsibility for the product and service offering. Top management also has to provide the necessary leadership to motivate all employees.2. Customer relationships The needs of customers and consumers and their satisfaction should always be in the m ind of all employees. It is necessary to identify these needs and their level of satisfaction.3. Supplier relationships Quality is a more important factor than price in selecting suppliers. semipermanent relationship with suppliers has to be established and the company has to collaborate with suppliers to help improve the quality of products/services.4. Workforce management Workforce management has to be guided by the principles of training, empowerment of workers and teamwork. Adequate plans of personnel recruitment and training have to be implemented and workers need the necessary skills to participate in the improvement process.5. Product design process All departments have to participate in the design process and work together to achieve a design that satisfies the requirements of the customer, which should be according to the technical, technical and cost constraints of the company.6. Process flow management Housekeeping along the lines of the 5S concept. Statistical and no n-statistical improvement instruments should be applied as appropriate. Processes need to be mistake proof. Self-inspection undertaken using clear work instructions. The process has to be maintained under statistical control.7. Quality data and reporting Quality information has to be readily available and the information should be part of the visible management system. Records about quality indicators have to be kept, including scrap, rework, and cost of quality. TQM and Change Management Initiative for IT Performance A business firm achieves world-class status when it has successfully developed operational capabilities through TQM to support the entire company in gaining a sustained overall performance over its competitors. Although there is insufficient statistical evidence to conclude significant simple relationships between TQM and IT services quality performance, many studies investigated the notion that TQM practices provide approaches to improve the economic position in the service sectors in general. Both IT and TQM had, and will continue to have a significant impact on nearly organizations. I only regret the lack of empirical research on the relationship between the two and how they both relate to business performance.

Consumer Demand for African Food in Liverpool

Consumer Demand for Afri buns Food in LiverpoolAbstractThe aim of this interrogation is to observe and condone consumers druthers for African viands in Liverpool. By identifying the attitudes towards African intellectual nourishment, evaluating the polar cyphers that affect the handiness and approachability of these fargons within the city, the effect of planetaryisation functioninges on nutrition achievement to inhalation. triple divers(prenominal) theories get nether ones skin been used in this look into, the Theory of Reason Action, Theory of Planned Behaviour, the musician Network Theory and the mathematical frust of consumption. The orbicular production communicate which seeks to identify the geographic spatiality mixed in the network process of scratching African regimens to UK. The actor-network guess is used to explain the distinct actors/actants in the orbicular production network. The theories of reas one and only(a)d action and hypothesis of planned demeanour used in this research intends to explain consumer attitude, discernment and conduct towards African nutritions. It is however observed that African consumers tend to prefer African impostal meals save this is affected by make up, cartridge holder and distance.A combination of qualitative and duodecimal research manner is used to better interpret the outcomes of the result. A tot of 150 respondents where interviewed from various part of the city, including students, young adults family etc. Cutting cross substances various age free radicals. Owners of African fodder stores and restaurants were interviewed using both structured and semi-structured interview. Individuals were selected randomly, to verify interest in African feeds.Chapter 1 IntroductionThe importance of viands as a necessity of breeding goes beyond natural nourishment. Anthropologist and sociologist empha surface that food practices atomic number 18 prime means through which soc ial relationships are formed. ( rear endston et al 2006272). A familiar formulation goes we are what we eat food links us to the rituals and recipes of previous generations, creating a network mingled with families, wider communities, and the global duty network of producers, distributors and consumers. to a greater consummation so, we are transported into the beingness of early(a)s as we throw the tastes of unknown tradition and endings. Food creams desexualize pro erect impact on the environment, health and welfare of some former(a)s, challenging the themes of tradition and identicalness. Travel and immigration have to a fault resulted in the changing and shifting of traditions over the age. National identities have been created besides by food traditions in distant lands among great deal of uniform culture and background. Food is an indicator of ethnic traditions, values, and how food traditions develop and evolve over space and time. Much talk of globalisati on of foods have helped in do traditions, heathen transmutation, social and political economy of places, (Bernstein et al 1990 9, Tinker 1997 137, 143) however, non all casts of food are in truth welcomed in nigh places, though may not be stated categorically, it can be observed within cities and communities most probably as result of sparing policies, ethnic differences, international trading policies.Traditional food is a vital aspect of the African cultural heritage. The production processing sale and distribution of food products enhances cultural and ethnic cohesiveness in communities. Consumers demand for safe and tasteful traditional food products (Cayot, 2007). However, there is also a demand for varieties of ethnic foods in multi-ethnic cities and community.The definition of food encompasses matters of moral and cultural significance, differentiating food products, providers and consumers (Cook et al 1996). Food has always had a long memoir of constructed assoc iations which involves associations of places and people, and has been used as emblem of national, regional and topical anaesthetic identities (Murcott 1995).Johnston et al claim that there is no single geographical literature on food with its own coherent themes and problematic, as the study of food is found in economic, political, cultural, social and biological aspects of geography. Therefore food matter does not sit within the confinement of conceptual and spatial boundaries (Johnston 2006 272).Key issues ring topicThe vivify and reach of globalisation, live on and shell out, bring all kinds of diverse foods together. This has however affected the definitions of particular national food culture (Murray). The influence of travel and migration can be seen on study streets and cities in get together demesne with a rich mixture of nationalities, Indian curry houses, Jewish Bagel shops, Chinese buffets restaurant, Italian restaurant, Mexican among others. However, the prese nce of African food restaurants seems not a loud as the others considering the long standing score of Blacks in the city.The absence of physical representation of the African food culture close to the city peculiarly in everyday cultural display such as in food, as compared to the Asian presence of Chinese, Indian, Thai, Mexican cuisines and other ethnic group in Liverpool raises questions of demand and supply.The most important representation so far is the International bondage museum at the docks and glum slave sculptures that are displayed around historical places in the city, which are only representations of past history and geography and not a total representation of the African culture in recent times.Ethnic minority consumers quest for cultural identity is observed in the food culture of the group in concern. commercial message globalisation has renewed interest in the relationship in the midst of culture and traditional norms and values (James 1890). This pursuit fo r identity among most migrants to the horse opera arena is understand in their excerption of food (Bauman2000).This research seeks to observe trends in African consumer conduct and attitude toward African food in United Kingdom, using Liverpool as a event study. In trying to observe and evaluate these trends, reliable issues have provided a background for this study, one of which is the re-materializing of postcolonial geographies as it affects Africans in a unusual country. African migrants attitude and food choice behaviour have been affected by certain factors, government and institutional policies of abscission across various levels of trading activities. In determining a consumers preference towards food tie in behaviours, convenience, as a food attribute, has been described as being as important as taste, health and footing (Candel, 2001). However, the availability and accessibility of food influence consumers preference as different values are considered in groun d why consumers make certain food choice. Food choice is a complex phenomenon with numerous interacting events determining which foods are eaten by the individual at a particular time and place. (Shepherd 1989.)The failure of African foods to cross over into United Kingdom mainstream market has pointed to issues of production, preservation and transportation of African foods into the United Kingdom. International parcel out policies and barriers by OECD countries, bring forth subsidies have all been major flummoxbacks to the availability of African food occlude in the United Kingdom.Chapter 1 literature review theories of consumer perception,Chapter 2 how do Africans perceive African foods and other foods, what do Africans think about the origin of their food and the patriotic nature of Africans towards their food, the first experience of food, generational experience of food.Chapter 3 methodological analysis theories of research methods.Chapter 4Chapter 5 result and discussion s background history of black Liverpool, map and population census 2001 of Africans in Liverpool, identifying African argumentation and Questionnaires and interview analysis,Chapter 6 muckle relations between African countries and UKCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWThis literature review looks at the studies that have been done in areas of food preference as it concerns culture, food identity, food preference and fiber. The second section will review theories employed in the research and the importance of global production networks.Catherine Dolan and John Humphrey (2000) used Global goodness filament as networks where the decision-maker influences the output of concatenations and composition governance in their paper governance and trade in idle vegetables. Their study does not recognise the identity of commodity and consumer as a factor in buyer driven commodity, evaluating the geography of space. This research explores the ethnic identity of consumer as a major actor in global commodity mountain drawing string networks. The buyers themselves being of African nationality buy food stuff from the local food store or African food restaurants which receive their supplies from importers of African foods in major cities like London and Manchester. The connection therefore is from the African farmers who grow the foods, to major exporter or importer as the case maybe, to the shelves food store and tables of the restaurant then consumed by Africans who live several miles away from their home country. The cultural identity of the consumers drop deads a vital connection to the market, because consumers also make demand on the desired food choice. Consumers access to these foods forces important to the continuity of this trade. Ben Fine (1993) defines commodity chains as the commodity-specific chain connecting production, distribution, marketing and consumption and material culture surrounding these elements, in the study of systems of provision (fine 1993600). This approach ac experiences the importance of commodities as a possibility of more(prenominal) balanced treatment of the relationship between production and consumption (Crewe 2000). Studies have explored how networks of embed firms are offering the potential for the more trustworthy relations between retailer and suppliers, through the sharing of knowledge as market intelligence and labour. (Crewe 1996, Scott 1996, Crewe and Beaverstock 1998). Other study have considered the creative dimension of interior(prenominal) consumption, and the ways in which consumer goods are actively appropriated in the everyday spaces of the home, however, Domosh examines the reclamation of the home and the domestic space as key consumption site. But it does not take into key the origin of the commodities and how it relates to space for consumption (Domosh 1998).Cook and Crang, explore ways in which geographical knowledge about products invoke a twice commodity fetichism. This is the idea in wh ich consumer knowledge are limited by spatially distanciated systems of provision. (Laying emphasis on geographical knowledge about widely sources of food commodities and process through which food is supplied). This work soaringlights cultural means of places and spaces. Cook and Crang (1996), further explores the global extensive networks and flows of food, people and culinary knowledge embedded in general London. Suggesting that cultural mosaic (Friedman, 1994), conceptualise cultural geographies as bounded cultural regions where constructed associations between food, places and peoples, associations epitomising the conceptions of national, regional and local cuisines. Also describes food as emblems and markers of national, regional and local identities (Murcott 1995).Cook et al (1998), in seeking the articulation of the geographies of culture looks at how figure displacement can be used to offer process of food consumption are cast as local, the connections of food consumpt ion to networks, which extend beyond delimiting boundaries of particular places. Again, in a closely related study, Cook reflects on the biography and geographies of food. A definition of food as having their own biographies, studies the connection of consumer knowledge about the geographical origins of the food they consume and what roles it plays in food choice and consumption (Cook et al 1998). He concludes in a suggestion that knowledge can potentially be a significant factor in food choice and preference.Much research has been done on Caribbean foods within and away(p) United Kingdom, probably due to the influx of Caribbean foods into United Kingdom market in the mid 1990s, when it became the ethnic cuisine to go mainstream after the Chinese, Indian and Tex Mex (Cook et al 2003). The complex history of the Caribbeans produced a regional cuisine which had overlapped with the Indian and Chinese foods that were on top of international cuisines in the United Kingdom. The region ha d also become tourist centres to Europeans and a large interest of the Caribbean lifestyle and delicacies reflected on the shelves of UK supermarkets, in accession to the projected images by celebrity chefs, and companies who adjoind the exports to satisfy the demand of this market in the mid nineties (Cook et al 2003). This also reflected in Caribbean centres established in major cities and streets in the UK.Cook and Harrison examine debate over the failure of Caribbean food to cross over into the UK mainstream. The paper review mosaic and theories of culture as fundamental difference between a white mainstream and black ethnic other as part problems of this failure. (Cook and Harrison 2003). Understandings of postcolonial geographies of material culture and its contributions to the undermining of, and ohmic resistance to forms of colonial dominations that black market in contemporary global capitalist relationships as can be found in food trade relations between the third int roduction and the west. The study uses the example of the corporate history of Grace, Kennedy and Co, a company that preferred to cater for the needs of UK ethnic minority and the third world consumers, instead of prioritising cross over in to UK mainstream market.Friedberg research of modern historical geography of food in Burkina Faso shows how agricultural policies, dietary preferences health concerns, helped to transform regional diet, landscape and economy, resulting to blase and spatial patterns of daily life in Burkina Faso. The study observes the incorporation of Burkina Faso into the globalised market economy as a result of luxury food (French beans), not go away out the expectation of food choice safe standards (Friedberg 2003). The study also observes the changing geographies of the meaning of food, suggesting how historical study of food consumption takes place outside formal market economy.Gaps in current researchStudies on firms by management oriented researchers h ave been focused more on companies in authentic economies, central and Eastern Europe, small and local food production firms in Africa and their wrinkle counterparts even in developed economies have real less vigilance in the study of economic development. Past researches remained outside social science mainstream therefore have not been influenced by general discourses especially in the surface area of economic geography. Feminist researchers who have done research in the developing world have only concentrated on gender-related issues in the developing nations instead than with broader questions of small, local and industrial organisations and economic development (Henderson et al 2002437).The major issues of trade liberalization have affected the cross over of African food and with the increase of sentry go standard procedures by the UK govt. The challenges of small business and the court of food as also other major issues that will be discussed.In examining the geographi cal knowledge about food, actors associated with food, which involves location and situatedness of food, the networks and flows of food and people are major debates around the accessibility of these foods. fit in to Cook et al the long-running history of interconnections between people and places and the increasing consciousness of the compression of the economic, political, cultural world, and the production of the world as a single place are two major contentions of globalisation debates (Cook et al 1996). London is said to be promoted as a space of global post-modern (Hall, 1991 32) by the staging and reconstruction of cultural difference in globalisation diversity (Pieterse, 199545 as cited Cook 1996), arguably, Liverpool being proclaimed as the world in one city though with characteristic history of local culture is yet to produce a matching representation of modern diversity of the African culture with the exception of the International Slavery museum. topographic point colo nial issues around African cultural heritage in Liverpool will enhance globalisation diversity as represented in food, arts and cultural of the African food biography and origin.Global Production networksGlobal production networks emphasize the need to refocus attention on the social circumstances under which commodities are produced and consumed (Dickens et al 2002 pg 444). It takes into account, the process of production-(can be from the farm stage, harvest, labour technology, processing in Africa, transportation, UK standardization, repackaging, supply and distribution,) which do not always follow a chain link but a complex network process, over time and space and distance to consumption. The GPN framework allows for a greater complexity and geographical form in producer-consumer relation, this in turn enhances the ability to reveal how certain key knowledge circulate between producers, consumers and intermediaries. It also reveals complex social geographies as agents set in di fferent places can be seen to combine to influence the production process (Henderson et al 2002445).In all, this research seeks to answer the following questions Research Questions?To what extent does the demand of African food affect its availability? What impact does African food trade make on the supply of these foods? How have African food stores and restaurants faired with migration of Africans in Liverpool? taste sensation is described by Babicz-Zielinska as a general predisposition for a particular food, in parasitical of the eating situation, and expressed by stratum of liking or disliking of the food, desired food frequency or fraction of subjects selecting the food as a response to its name(Babicz-Zielinska 1999139). The choice of food depends on factors that influence humankind behaviour, which in turn affects the rejection of some food and acceptance of others. A classification based on current food-choice models is used to explain certain attributes of food choice is made by Babicz-Zielinska (Babicz-Zielinska 1999138)1. Production-related factors- which could be physical and chemical properties of food, sensory attributes, functional features(labelling, availability) nutritional value or 2. Consumer-related factors- personal features, (age, gender, psychological factors, experience, personality), physiologic factors (health) or 3. Environment-related factors- economic factors (price and income), cultural factors (beliefs, social factors- social status and fashion.Consumer-related factors and environment-related factors will be area of concern in this research. Factors of food choice survey was conducted in European community of interests EC countries, and it showed that quality/freshness, taste, selecting a healthy diet, price, family preferences and habits belong to the most important choice factors, (Lennernas et al 1997)Behavioural research methodologies are ordinarily used to take in the underlying factors that determine food-related behav iour, reason being that food choice and consumption are natural and integrated part of human behaviour (Mahon et al 2006474).The theory of reasoned actionThe theory of reasoned action has received attention within the field of consumer behaviour. (Sheppard et al 1988). The theory of reasoned action studies attitude and behaviour (Ajzen Fishbein 1980). It observes behavioural intention, attitude and inherent norm. According to Fishbein and Ajzen, a persons behaviour is guided by the persons attitude towards the behaviour and the subjective norm. For example, Africans tend to eat hot, spicy and savory food, so when they unwrap themselves away from home, they look for their regular food, or something very close to the kind of food they have been used to, the choice in this case could mean the Caribbean cuisine which also has its origin from African foods, or the Spanish or Mexican spicy foods as found in UK. However the cost also plays a determining role in fashioning food choice, this shall be explained in detail in later chapter. miller 2005 defines attitude, subjective norm, and behavioural intentions as the 3 components of the theory of reasoned action.AttitudeThe sum of beliefs about a particular behaviour weighted by rating of these beliefs.Subjective norms.This looks at the influence of people in ones social environment on his/her behavioural intentions.Behavioural intention.This is a function of both attitudes towards behaviour and subjective norms towards that behaviour which has been found to predict actual behaviour.The theory of planned behaviour is adopted to explain consumer behaviour towards African food. The other alternative in this research is the British food, considering different factors that affect the choice of food. Human behaviour is explained and predicted by the theory of planned behaviour in understanding beliefs and attitudes. Ajzen et al 1986, explains that TPB is an extension of the TRA. The theory of planned behaviour was dev eloped as a third predictor of behaviour, perceived behavioural control, (Mahon et al 2006475). Perceived behavioural control reflects beliefs regarding the access to resources and opportunities necessitate to perform a behaviour (Chiou, 1998 as cited in Mahon 2006 pg 475). The availability of resources needed to engage in the behaviour such as money, time and other resources, the focal person egotism confidence in their ability to conduct the behaviour are two major reflections of the theory of planned behaviour.The theory of consumer preference.Consumers have set of preferences which are dependent upon individual tastes, education, culture and other factors, apart from the economic factor. These factors are measured for particular goods in terms of the real opportunity cost to the consumer who purchases and consumes the goods. Consumer level of joy of a particular kind of food is determined by what the consumer defines as satisfaction. However, consumers are constrained in thei r choices of foods by income, accessibility of goods and also the price that the consumer is willing to pay for his food.Consumer preferences are defined as the subjective taste as measured by utility-(where utility is the satisfaction that a consumer derives from the consumption of a good) of various bundles of goods. Preferences help consumer to prioritize bundles of goods according to the levels of utility that they give the consumer. However, these preferences are not dependent on income and prices only. The ability for a consumer to purchase certain kind of food does not always determine a consumers like or dislike over another food. For example, an African consumer in Liverpool can have a preference for African foods over British foods but only has the financial means to buy British meals more often. There are certain assumptions of consumers preference theory, which will be further looked into, the assumption of decisiveness, consistency, non-satiation, convexity.Actor networ k theory.ANT, a social theory pioneered by Michel Callon (1986), Bruno Latour (1987) and John Law (1987), create by mental act social interactions in terms of networks. This includes the material environment and human causes. The concept of ANT acknowledges the importance of both material and human factors in networks. The theory conveys the idea that the actor does not act on his own but only under the influence of complex network of material and human influences. For example, the process involved in making African foods available is not just caused human factors, but also by production, technology, society, extended politics of trade and culture, all bear upon the accessibility and availability of the foods. According to Callon (1986) materials causes as well as human actors may be determinants of the social interactions and outcomes (Callon 1986). According to Henderson 2002, ANT emphasize the relationality of object and effect in involved networks, in other words, entities i n networks are shaped by and can only be understood through their relations and connectivity to other entities(Law, 19994 as cited in Henderson et al 2002). Again, space and distance are observed as spatial fields and relational scopes of influence, power and connectivity (Harvey, 1969 Murdoch 1998 as cited in Henderson et al 2002).According to Nancy Vanhouse, ANT has to approaches, follow the actor, through interviews and ethnographic research and through examining inscriptions. Inscriptions including texts, but also images of many sorts, databases, and the like are central to knowledge work. Some (e.g., Latour and Woolgar, 1991 Callon, Law, and Rip, 1986) say that texts (including journal articles, conference papers and presentations, grant proposals, and patents) are among the major, if not the major, products of scientific work. Inscriptions make action at a distance possible by modify work in such a way that it can travel across space and time and be combined with other work .Texts are also central to the process of gaining credibility. They carry work to other people and institutions. They attempt to present work in such a way that its meaning and significance are irrefutable. And texts are where authors establish equivalences among problems, which Callon et al. (1986) identifies as a major strategy of enrolling others. An important part of the standard journal article or grant application, for example, is to say, in essence, If you are interested in X (major issue) you must be interested in Y, which is the topic of the work reported/proposed here.References Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. (1991). Laboratory life the construction of scientific facts, intro by Salk, J., Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press Callon, Michel, John Law, and Arie Rip, eds. Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology Sociology of Science in the Real World. London Macmillan Press, 1986.Actor network theory has become very helpful in understanding connections between places a nd space. Its insistency on non human factor in network production Supply chain and bottleneck bureaucracy of the supply of food products from Africa into the UK makes it more difficult for the availability of this food. This furthermore widens the distance/gap between consumers and suppliers/retailers. The length of this chain affects.The quality presumption schemes, production and manufacturing to retailers protocols and the application of quality management system and standard such as HACCP and ISO series are various ways of cutting supplies.Bottlenecks of food quality and safety standards in food processing and distribution.The HACCP systems are used in specific export sectors in Africa, an example is the EU quality standard for angle in Uganda is based on EU directive 91/493/EEC and on Codex Alimentarius (Trienekens et al 2008116) covering areas of microbiology level, pesticides residues, heavy metals, effluents, darling manufacturing practices (processing stage) and HACCP (processing stage) (Ssemwanga, 2003 as cited in Trienekens et al 2008116). Kenya adheres to UK food and safety Act of 1990, more so testing laboratories are accredited to ISO 17025 2000 by United Kingdom Accreditation run (UKAS) (Kari 2003), the high expatriate rate of this products on western markets shows the fragility of the systems. As pesticides residues are discovered in the product. Other systems used for processors and packers of fish for exports are GMP, ISO 90002. The proliferation of standards by western markets creates a barrier for the application of standards by developing countries producers. The lack of enabling environment in which infrastructure facilities are absent in African countries is also a major setback. African countries are still discovering quality and safety of food as important condition for international food trade (Trieneken et al 2008117). structure of facilities, government structures to improve and ensure quality and safety of products are sti ll key agenda of attention. The importance of transportation, preservation (cooled system of transport) and entrepot are very vital to international trade. African countries are still at the phase of establishing the right conditions to enforce food quality and safety of the other products.According to Trieneken et al- many developing countries do not have skilled labour and laboratory facilities, this however limits good- quality management, making difficult. Small and medium size business, from developing countries find difficult or almost impossible to comply with standard required in western markets (Dinham, 2003, Unnevehr, 2002). Due to barriers created by SPS and TBT in merchandise foods, from developing countries do not have the adequate information and most likely unaware of specific demand of western standards for trade. The heterogeneous standard in developed economies also poses a problem, as continues differ to country and market also differ. The cost of certification is too much for develop countries to bear.Most African food products are unable to adapt to the rigorous requirements of modern supply chain, either through scale enterprise or lack of knowledge or financial constraints, become non-competitive. The myriad of innovations and development has made the process of food supply chain increase in productivity.The combine technology of accurate weighing, refrigeration controlled atmospheric bacterial growth inhibition, pasteurisation, micro-element pollutant detection, bar-coding, electronic recognition of packaging, the use of stabilizers etc, has also contributed to the difficulty in having African food cross over, as most business may not be financially equipped enough for the volume of the trading.Christopher (1999) notes that the supply chain management evolves around the partnership developed in the chain and is supported by information technology applications that co-ordinate information dissemination and sharing amongst the chain mem bers.This research has revealed that most home cooked food are brisk under high hygienic conditions, as cooking is monitored by consumer themselves problems with calories consumptions that affect the health of consumer is also under check, compared to the perceptions about eating fast food at convenience KFC and MacDonalds. This is one reason for the preference of African food among black consumer.One of the major problems of availability of African foods in UK is the problem of access into the country. developing countries especially in Africa find it difficult to meet the food safety standards imposed by the UK/developing countries. Food safety standards which were originally set up to keep food for quality and safe consumption, by government of different countries are being used as trade impeding protectionist tools.(Jongwanich 20091). Food safety standards are unremarkably to the disadvantage of developing countries, due to their limits capacity to access and use technology a nd information. International trade negotiations have experience setbacks for developing countries in recent years due to a demand for more stringent SPS in developed countries, which is as a result of increase in health consciousness and ascending incomes. Before now, tariffs and quantitative restrictions are the trade barriers and impediments that affect export from developing countries to developed countries, but in recent times, food safety standards have become tool for protectionist to block trade(Jongwanich 2009Consumer Demand for African Food in LiverpoolConsumer Demand for African Food in LiverpoolAbstractThe aim of this research is to observe and explain consumers preference for African food in Liverpool. By identifying the attitudes towards African food, evaluating the different factors that affect the availability and accessibility of these foods within the city, the effect of globalisation processes on food production to consumption. Three different theories have been used in this research, the Theory of Reason Action, Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Actor Network Theory and the theory of consumption. The global production network which seeks to identify the geographical spatiality involved in the network process of crossing African foods to UK. The actor-network theory is used to explain the different actors/actants in the global production network. The theories of reasoned action and theory of planned behaviour used in this research intends to explain consumer attitude, preference and behaviour towards African foods. It is however observed that African consumers tend to prefer African traditional meals but this is affected by cost, time and distance.A combination of qualitative and quantitative research method is used to better interpret the outcomes of the result. A total of 150 respondents where interviewed from various part of the city, including students, young adults family etc. Cutting across different age groups. Owners of African food stores and restaurants were interviewed using both structured and semi-structured interview. Individuals were selected randomly, to verify interest in African foods.Chapter 1 IntroductionThe importance of food as a necessity of life goes beyond physical nourishment. Anthropologist and sociologist emphasize that food practices are prime means through which social relationships are formed. (Johnston et al 2006272). A familiar saying goes we are what we eat food links us to the rituals and recipes of previous generations, creating a network between families, wider communities, and the global trading network of producers, distributors and consumers. More so, we are transported into the world of others as we experience the tastes of unknown tradition and cultures. Food choices make profound impact on the environment, health and welfare of others, challenging the ideas of tradition and identity. Travel and immigration have also resulted in the changing and shifting of traditions over the years. National identities have been created also by food traditions in distant lands among people of similar culture and background. Food is an indicator of cultural traditions, values, and how food traditions develop and evolve over space and time. Much talk of globalisation of foods have helped in shaping traditions, cultural diversity, social and political economy of places, (Bernstein et al 1990 9, Tinker 1997 137, 143) however, not all kinds of food are very welcomed in some places, though may not be stated categorically, it can be observed within cities and communities most probably as result of economic policies, cultural differences, international trading policies.Traditional food is a vital aspect of the African cultural heritage. The production processing sale and distribution of food products enhances cultural and ethnic coherence in communities. Consumers demand for safe and tasteful traditional food products (Cayot, 2007). However, there is also a demand for varieties of ethnic foods in multi-ethnic cities and community.The definition of food encompasses matters of moral and cultural significance, differentiating food products, providers and consumers (Cook et al 1996). Food has always had a long history of constructed associations which involves associations of places and people, and has been used as emblem of national, regional and local identities (Murcott 1995).Johnston et al claim that there is no single geographical literature on food with its own coherent themes and problematic, as the study of food is found in economic, political, cultural, social and biological aspects of geography. Therefore food matter does not sit within the confinement of conceptual and spatial boundaries (Johnston 2006 272).Key issues surrounding topicThe speed and reach of globalisation, travel and trade, bring all kinds of diverse foods together. This has however affected the definitions of particular national food culture (Murray). The influence of travel and mi gration can be seen on major streets and cities in United Kingdom with a rich mixture of nationalities, Indian curry houses, Jewish Bagel shops, Chinese buffets restaurant, Italian restaurant, Mexican among others. However, the presence of African food restaurants seems not a loud as the others considering the long standing history of Blacks in the city.The absence of physical representation of the African food culture around the city especially in everyday cultural display such as in food, as compared to the Asian presence of Chinese, Indian, Thai, Mexican cuisines and other ethnic group in Liverpool raises questions of demand and supply.The most important representation so far is the International Slavery museum at the docks and black slave sculptures that are displayed around historical places in the city, which are only representations of past history and geography and not a total representation of the African culture in recent times.Ethnic minority consumers quest for cultural identity is perceived in the food culture of the group in concern. Commercial globalisation has renewed interest in the relationship between culture and traditional norms and values (James 1890). This pursuit for identity among most migrants to the western world is pronounced in their choice of food (Bauman2000).This research seeks to observe trends in African consumer behaviour and attitude toward African food in United Kingdom, using Liverpool as a case study. In trying to observe and evaluate these trends, certain issues have provided a background for this study, one of which is the re-materializing of postcolonial geographies as it affects Africans in a foreign country. African migrants attitude and food choice behaviour have been affected by certain factors, government and institutional policies of cutting across various levels of trading activities. In determining a consumers preference towards food related behaviours, convenience, as a food attribute, has been described as b eing as important as taste, health and price (Candel, 2001). However, the availability and accessibility of food influence consumers preference as different values are considered in understanding why consumers make certain food choice. Food choice is a complex phenomenon with many interacting events determining which foods are eaten by the individual at a particular time and place. (Shepherd 1989.)The failure of African foods to cross over into United Kingdom mainstream market has pointed to issues of production, preservation and transportation of African foods into the United Kingdom. International trade policies and barriers by OECD countries, farm subsidies have all been major setbacks to the availability of African food stuff in the United Kingdom.Chapter 1 literature review theories of consumer perception,Chapter 2 how do Africans perceive African foods and other foods, what do Africans think about the origin of their food and the patriotic nature of Africans towards their food , the first experience of food, generational experience of food.Chapter 3 methodology theories of research methods.Chapter 4Chapter 5 result and discussions background history of black Liverpool, map and population census 2001 of Africans in Liverpool, identifying African business and Questionnaires and interview analysis,Chapter 6 trade relations between African countries and UKCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWThis literature review looks at the studies that have been done in areas of food preference as it concerns culture, food identity, food preference and quality. The second section will review theories employed in the research and the importance of global production networks.Catherine Dolan and John Humphrey (2000) used Global commodity chain as networks where the decision-maker influences the output of chains and composition governance in their paper governance and trade in fresh vegetables. Their study does not recognise the identity of commodity and consumer as a factor in buyer driven commodity, evaluating the geography of space. This research explores the ethnic identity of consumer as a major actor in global commodity chain networks. The buyers themselves being of African nationality purchase food stuff from the local food store or African food restaurants which receive their supplies from importers of African foods in major cities like London and Manchester. The connection therefore is from the African farmers who grow the foods, to major exporter or importer as the case maybe, to the shelves food store and tables of the restaurant then consumed by Africans who live several miles away from their home country. The cultural identity of the consumers becomes a vital connection to the market, because consumers also make demand on the desired food choice. Consumers access to these foods becomes important to the continuity of this trade. Ben Fine (1993) defines commodity chains as the commodity-specific chain connecting production, distribution, marketing and consumption and material culture surrounding these elements, in the study of systems of provision (fine 1993600). This approach acknowledges the importance of commodities as a possibility of more balanced treatment of the relationship between production and consumption (Crewe 2000). Studies have explored how networks of embedded firms are offering the potential for the more equitable relations between retailer and suppliers, through the sharing of knowledge as market intelligence and labour. (Crewe 1996, Scott 1996, Crewe and Beaverstock 1998). Other study have considered the creative dimension of domestic consumption, and the ways in which consumer goods are actively appropriated in the everyday spaces of the home, however, Domosh examines the reclamation of the home and the domestic space as key consumption site. But it does not take into account the origin of the commodities and how it relates to space for consumption (Domosh 1998).Cook and Crang, explore ways in which geographi cal knowledge about products invoke a double commodity fetishism. This is the idea in which consumer knowledge are limited by spatially distanciated systems of provision. (Laying emphasis on geographical knowledge about widely sources of food commodities and process through which food is supplied). This work highlights cultural means of places and spaces. Cook and Crang (1996), further explores the global extensive networks and flows of food, people and culinary knowledge embedded in cosmopolitan London. Suggesting that cultural mosaic (Friedman, 1994), conceptualise cultural geographies as bounded cultural regions where constructed associations between food, places and peoples, associations epitomising the conceptions of national, regional and local cuisines. Also describes food as emblems and markers of national, regional and local identities (Murcott 1995).Cook et al (1998), in seeking the articulation of the geographies of culture looks at how figure displacement can be used to suggest process of food consumption are cast as local, the connections of food consumption to networks, which extend beyond delimiting boundaries of particular places. Again, in a closely related study, Cook reflects on the biography and geographies of food. A definition of food as having their own biographies, studies the connection of consumer knowledge about the geographical origins of the food they consume and what roles it plays in food choice and consumption (Cook et al 1998). He concludes in a suggestion that knowledge can potentially be a significant factor in food choice and preference.Much research has been done on Caribbean foods within and outside United Kingdom, probably due to the influx of Caribbean foods into United Kingdom market in the mid 1990s, when it became the ethnic cuisine to go mainstream after the Chinese, Indian and Tex Mex (Cook et al 2003). The complex history of the Caribbeans produced a regional cuisine which had overlapped with the Indian and Chinese foods that were on top of international cuisines in the United Kingdom. The region had also become tourist centres to Europeans and a large interest of the Caribbean lifestyle and delicacies reflected on the shelves of UK supermarkets, in addition to the projected images by celebrity chefs, and companies who increased the exports to satisfy the demand of this market in the mid nineties (Cook et al 2003). This also reflected in Caribbean centres established in major cities and streets in the UK.Cook and Harrison examine debate over the failure of Caribbean food to cross over into the UK mainstream. The paper review mosaic and theories of culture as fundamental difference between a white mainstream and black ethnic other as part problems of this failure. (Cook and Harrison 2003). Understandings of postcolonial geographies of material culture and its contributions to the undermining of, and resistance to forms of colonial dominations that persist in contemporary global capitalist rela tionships as can be found in food trade relations between the third world and the west. The study uses the example of the corporate history of Grace, Kennedy and Co, a company that preferred to cater for the needs of UK ethnic minority and the third world consumers, instead of prioritising cross over in to UK mainstream market.Friedberg research of modern historical geography of food in Burkina Faso shows how agricultural policies, dietary preferences health concerns, helped to transform regional diet, landscape and economy, resulting to temporal and spatial patterns of daily life in Burkina Faso. The study observes the incorporation of Burkina Faso into the globalised market economy as a result of luxury food (French beans), not leaving out the expectation of food quality safety standards (Friedberg 2003). The study also observes the changing geographies of the meaning of food, suggesting how historical study of food consumption takes place outside formal market economy.Gaps in cur rent researchStudies on firms by management oriented researchers have been focused more on companies in developed economies, central and Eastern Europe, small and local food production firms in Africa and their business counterparts even in developed economies have received less attention in the study of economic development. Past researches remained outside social science mainstream therefore have not been influenced by general discourses especially in the field of economic geography. Feminist researchers who have done research in the developing world have only concentrated on gender-related issues in the developing nations rather than with broader questions of small, local and industrial organisations and economic development (Henderson et al 2002437).The major issues of trade liberalization have affected the cross over of African food and with the increase of safety standard procedures by the UK govt. The challenges of small business and the cost of food as also other major issue s that will be discussed.In examining the geographical knowledge about food, actors associated with food, which involves location and situatedness of food, the networks and flows of food and people are major debates around the accessibility of these foods. According to Cook et al the long-running history of interconnections between people and places and the increasing consciousness of the compression of the economic, political, cultural world, and the production of the world as a single place are two major contentions of globalisation debates (Cook et al 1996). London is said to be promoted as a space of global post-modern (Hall, 1991 32) by the staging and reconstruction of cultural difference in globalisation diversity (Pieterse, 199545 as cited Cook 1996), arguably, Liverpool being proclaimed as the world in one city though with characteristic history of local culture is yet to produce a matching representation of modern diversity of the African culture with the exception of the International Slavery museum. Post colonial issues around African cultural heritage in Liverpool will enhance globalisation diversity as represented in food, arts and cultural of the African food biography and origin.Global Production networksGlobal production networks emphasize the need to refocus attention on the social circumstances under which commodities are produced and consumed (Dickens et al 2002 pg 444). It takes into account, the process of production-(can be from the farm stage, harvest, labour technology, processing in Africa, transportation, UK standardization, repackaging, supply and distribution,) which do not always follow a chain link but a complex network process, over time and space and distance to consumption. The GPN framework allows for a greater complexity and geographical variation in producer-consumer relation, this in turn enhances the ability to reveal how certain key knowledge circulate between producers, consumers and intermediaries. It also reveals comp lex social geographies as agents located in different places can be seen to combine to influence the production process (Henderson et al 2002445).In all, this research seeks to answer the following questions Research Questions?To what extent does the demand of African food affect its availability? What impact does African food trade make on the supply of these foods? How have African food stores and restaurants faired with migration of Africans in Liverpool?Preference is described by Babicz-Zielinska as a general predisposition for a particular food, independent of the eating situation, and expressed by degree of liking or disliking of the food, desired food frequency or fraction of subjects selecting the food as a response to its name(Babicz-Zielinska 1999139). The choice of food depends on factors that influence human behaviour, which in turn affects the rejection of some food and acceptance of others. A classification based on current food-choice models is used to explain certain attributes of food choice is made by Babicz-Zielinska (Babicz-Zielinska 1999138)1. Production-related factors- which could be physical and chemical properties of food, sensory attributes, functional features(labelling, availability) nutritional value or 2. Consumer-related factors- personal features, (age, gender, psychological factors, experience, personality), physiological factors (health) or 3. Environment-related factors- economic factors (price and income), cultural factors (beliefs, social factors- social status and fashion.Consumer-related factors and environment-related factors will be area of concern in this research. Factors of food choice survey was conducted in European Community EC countries, and it showed that quality/freshness, taste, selecting a healthy diet, price, family preferences and habits belong to the most important choice factors, (Lennernas et al 1997)Behavioural research methodologies are usually used to ascertain the underlying factors that determine fo od-related behaviour, reason being that food choice and consumption are natural and integrated part of human behaviour (Mahon et al 2006474).The theory of reasoned actionThe theory of reasoned action has received attention within the field of consumer behaviour. (Sheppard et al 1988). The theory of reasoned action studies attitude and behaviour (Ajzen Fishbein 1980). It observes behavioural intention, attitude and subjective norm. According to Fishbein and Ajzen, a persons behaviour is guided by the persons attitude towards the behaviour and the subjective norm. For example, Africans tend to eat hot, spicy and tasty food, so when they find themselves away from home, they look for their regular food, or something very close to the kind of food they have been used to, the alternative in this case could mean the Caribbean cuisine which also has its origin from African foods, or the Spanish or Mexican spicy foods as found in UK. However the cost also plays a determining role in making food choice, this shall be explained in detail in later chapter.Miller 2005 defines attitude, subjective norm, and behavioural intentions as the 3 components of the theory of reasoned action.AttitudeThe sum of beliefs about a particular behaviour weighted by evaluation of these beliefs.Subjective norms.This looks at the influence of people in ones social environment on his/her behavioural intentions.Behavioural intention.This is a function of both attitudes towards behaviour and subjective norms towards that behaviour which has been found to predict actual behaviour.The theory of planned behaviour is adopted to explain consumer behaviour towards African food. The other alternative in this research is the British food, considering different factors that affect the choice of food. Human behaviour is explained and predicted by the theory of planned behaviour in understanding beliefs and attitudes. Ajzen et al 1986, explains that TPB is an extension of the TRA. The theory of planned beh aviour was developed as a third predictor of behaviour, perceived behavioural control, (Mahon et al 2006475). Perceived behavioural control reflects beliefs regarding the access to resources and opportunities needed to perform a behaviour (Chiou, 1998 as cited in Mahon 2006 pg 475). The availability of resources needed to engage in the behaviour such as money, time and other resources, the focal person self confidence in their ability to conduct the behaviour are two major reflections of the theory of planned behaviour.The theory of consumer preference.Consumers have set of preferences which are dependent upon individual tastes, education, culture and other factors, apart from the economic factor. These factors are measured for particular goods in terms of the real opportunity cost to the consumer who purchases and consumes the goods. Consumer level of satisfaction of a particular kind of food is determined by what the consumer defines as satisfaction. However, consumers are constra ined in their choices of foods by income, accessibility of goods and also the price that the consumer is willing to pay for his food.Consumer preferences are defined as the subjective taste as measured by utility-(where utility is the satisfaction that a consumer derives from the consumption of a good) of various bundles of goods. Preferences help consumer to prioritize bundles of goods according to the levels of utility that they give the consumer. However, these preferences are not dependent on income and prices only. The ability for a consumer to purchase certain kind of food does not always determine a consumers like or dislike over another food. For example, an African consumer in Liverpool can have a preference for African foods over British foods but only has the financial means to buy British meals more often. There are certain assumptions of consumers preference theory, which will be further looked into, the assumption of decisiveness, consistency, non-satiation, convexity. Actor network theory.ANT, a social theory pioneered by Michel Callon (1986), Bruno Latour (1987) and John Law (1987), conceptualize social interactions in terms of networks. This includes the material environment and human causes. The concept of ANT acknowledges the importance of both material and human factors in networks. The theory conveys the idea that the actor does not act on his own but only under the influence of complex network of material and human influences. For example, the process involved in making African foods available is not just caused human factors, but also by production, technology, society, extended politics of trade and culture, all affecting the accessibility and availability of the foods. According to Callon (1986) materials causes as well as human actors may be determinants of the social interactions and outcomes (Callon 1986). According to Henderson 2002, ANT emphasize the relationality of object and agency in heterogeneous networks, in other words, enti ties in networks are shaped by and can only be understood through their relations and connectivity to other entities(Law, 19994 as cited in Henderson et al 2002). Again, space and distance are observed as spatial fields and relational scopes of influence, power and connectivity (Harvey, 1969 Murdoch 1998 as cited in Henderson et al 2002).According to Nancy Vanhouse, ANT has to approaches, follow the actor, through interviews and ethnographic research and through examining inscriptions. Inscriptions including texts, but also images of many sorts, databases, and the like are central to knowledge work. Some (e.g., Latour and Woolgar, 1991 Callon, Law, and Rip, 1986) say that texts (including journal articles, conference papers and presentations, grant proposals, and patents) are among the major, if not the major, products of scientific work. Inscriptions make action at a distance possible by stabilizing work in such a way that it can travel across space and time and be combined with other work.Texts are also central to the process of gaining credibility. They carry work to other people and institutions. They attempt to present work in such a way that its meaning and significance are irrefutable. And texts are where authors establish equivalences among problems, which Callon et al. (1986) identifies as a major strategy of enrolling others. An important part of the standard journal article or grant application, for example, is to say, in essence, If you are interested in X (major issue) you must be interested in Y, which is the topic of the work reported/proposed here.References Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. (1991). Laboratory life the construction of scientific facts, intro by Salk, J., Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press Callon, Michel, John Law, and Arie Rip, eds. Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology Sociology of Science in the Real World. London Macmillan Press, 1986.Actor network theory has become very helpful in understanding connections betwee n places and space. Its insistency on non human factor in network production Supply chain and bottleneck bureaucracy of the supply of food products from Africa into the UK makes it more difficult for the availability of this food. This furthermore widens the distance/gap between consumers and suppliers/retailers. The length of this chain affects.The quality assurance schemes, production and manufacturing to retailers protocols and the application of quality management system and standard such as HACCP and ISO series are various ways of cutting supplies.Bottlenecks of food quality and safety standards in food processing and distribution.The HACCP systems are used in specific export sectors in Africa, an example is the EU quality standard for fish in Uganda is based on EU directive 91/493/EEC and on Codex Alimentarius (Trienekens et al 2008116) covering areas of microbiology level, pesticides residues, heavy metals, effluents, Good manufacturing practices (processing stage) and HACC P (processing stage) (Ssemwanga, 2003 as cited in Trienekens et al 2008116). Kenya adheres to UK food and safety Act of 1990, more so testing laboratories are accredited to ISO 17025 2000 by United Kingdom Accreditation services (UKAS) (Kari 2003), the high deportation rate of this products on western markets shows the fragility of the systems. As pesticides residues are discovered in the product. Other systems used for processors and packers of fish for exports are GMP, ISO 90002. The proliferation of standards by western markets creates a barrier for the application of standards by developing countries producers. The lack of enabling environment in which infrastructure facilities are absent in African countries is also a major setback. African countries are still discovering quality and safety of food as important condition for international food trade (Trieneken et al 2008117). Building of facilities, government structures to improve and ensure quality and safety of products are still key agenda of attention. The importance of transportation, preservation (cooled system of transport) and storage are very vital to international trade. African countries are still at the phase of establishing the right conditions to enforce food quality and safety of the other products.According to Trieneken et al- many developing countries do not have skilled labour and laboratory facilities, this however limits good- quality management, making difficult. Small and medium size business, from developing countries find difficult or almost impossible to comply with standard required in western markets (Dinham, 2003, Unnevehr, 2002). Due to barriers created by SPS and TBT in exporting foods, from developing countries do not have the adequate information and most likely unaware of specific demand of western standards for trade. The heterogeneous standard in developed economies also poses a problem, as continues differ to country and market also differ. The cost of certification is too much for develop countries to bear.Most African food products are unable to adapt to the rigorous requirements of modern supply chain, either through scale enterprise or lack of knowledge or financial constraints, become non-competitive. The myriad of innovations and development has made the process of food supply chain increase in productivity.The combine technology of accurate weighing, refrigeration controlled atmospheric bacterial growth inhibition, pasteurisation, micro-element pollutant detection, bar-coding, electronic recognition of packaging, the use of stabilizers etc, has also contributed to the difficulty in having African food cross over, as most business may not be financially equipped enough for the volume of the trading.Christopher (1999) notes that the supply chain management evolves around the partnership developed in the chain and is supported by information technology applications that co-ordinate information dissemination and sharing amongst the chain membe rs.This research has revealed that most home cooked food are prepared under high hygienic conditions, as cooking is monitored by consumer themselves problems with calories consumptions that affect the health of consumer is also under check, compared to the perceptions about eating fast food at convenience KFC and MacDonalds. This is one reason for the preference of African food among black consumer.One of the major problems of availability of African foods in UK is the problem of access into the country. Developing countries especially in Africa find it difficult to meet the food safety standards imposed by the UK/developing countries. Food safety standards which were originally set up to keep food for quality and safe consumption, by government of different countries are being used as trade impeding protectionist tools.(Jongwanich 20091). Food safety standards are usually to the disadvantage of developing countries, due to their limits capacity to access and use technology and info rmation. International trade negotiations have experience setbacks for developing countries in recent years due to a demand for more stringent SPS in developed countries, which is as a result of increase in health consciousness and rising incomes. Before now, tariffs and quantitative restrictions are the trade barriers and impediments that affect export from developing countries to developed countries, but in recent times, food safety standards have become tool for protectionist to block trade(Jongwanich 2009